{"id":1482,"date":"2015-02-18T21:40:10","date_gmt":"2015-02-18T23:40:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/?page_id=1482"},"modified":"2023-08-27T16:06:24","modified_gmt":"2023-08-27T19:06:24","slug":"estrutura-da-materia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/","title":{"rendered":"Estrutura da Mat\u00e9ria"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><em>&#8220;Ci\u00eancia \u00e9 imagina\u00e7\u00e3o numa camisa de for\u00e7a&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Feymann<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='introdu\u00e7\u00e3o'  id=\"boomdevs_1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Assim como os artistas conhecem as propriedades e caracter\u00edsticas dos pinc\u00e9is, tintas, e telas, engenheiros precisam conhecer a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/\">estrutura da mat\u00e9ria<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As propriedades macrosc\u00f3picas dos materiais se classificam em:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Mec\u00e2nicas<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">T\u00e9rmicas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">El\u00e9tricas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Magn\u00e9ticas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00d3ticas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Qu\u00edmicas;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O conhecimento emp\u00edrico das propriedades da mat\u00e9ria mostrou uma correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre elas, mas materiais diferentes possuem comportamentos distintos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O uso dos <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/\">materiais<\/a> come\u00e7ou empiricamente, mas a ci\u00eancia se tornou indispens\u00e1vel na ci\u00eancia dos materiais. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por isso, teoria e pr\u00e1tica andam de m\u00e3os dadas na ci\u00eancia dos materiais, um dos pilares da engenharia, conforme mostra a Figura 1.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_42861\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-42861\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-42861 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Materiais1_1.jpg\" alt=\"ci\u00eancia dos materiais\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Materiais1_1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Materiais1_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Materiais1_1-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-42861\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 1. Teoria e pr\u00e1tica na ci\u00eancia dos materiais<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os materiais apresentam caracter\u00edsticas e propriedades distintas em decorr\u00eancia dos diferentes elementos qu\u00edmicos existentes na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica, das poss\u00edveis combina\u00e7\u00f5es de elementos, das poss\u00edveis arruma\u00e7\u00f5es dos elementos e das distintas for\u00e7as atuando nas liga\u00e7\u00f5es entre elementos &#8211; Figura 2. Esses aspectos caracterizam a estrutura da mat\u00e9ria.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_42860\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-42860\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-42860 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Matariais2_1.jpg\" alt=\"Estrutura da Mat\u00e9ria\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Matariais2_1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Matariais2_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Matariais2_1-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-42860\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 2. Aspectos da Estrutura da Mat\u00e9ria<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id='estrutura-da-mat\u00e9ria'  id=\"boomdevs_2\">Estrutura da Mat\u00e9ria<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Conhecer os elementos b\u00e1sicos da mat\u00e9ria constitui quest\u00e3o fundamental da ci\u00eancia. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Intuitivamente, o conceito de unidade indivis\u00edvel de mat\u00e9ria atraiu os cientistas desde a antiguidade, e os fil\u00f3sofos gregos a chamaram de \u00e1tomo. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contudo, o conhecimento cient\u00edfico da \u00e9poca se mostrou insuficiente para aprofundar o conceito.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 id='trabalho-proposto'  id=\"boomdevs_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Trabalho Proposto<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Assista o <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/C9w8_uMn4MY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video<\/a> e <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">anote as d\u00favidas surgidas,<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> os conceitos que voc\u00ea desconhecia e <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">os aspectos que voc\u00ea discorda.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Finalmente, responda \u00e0s seguintes perguntas:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Qual a motiva\u00e7\u00e3o dos Alquimistas?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Qual a import\u00e2ncia da Eletr\u00f3lise na qu\u00edmica?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como os elementos se formam nas estrelas?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por que as estrelas somente s\u00e3o capazes de produzir elementos entre o H\u00e9lio e o Ferro?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como os elementos mais pesados do que o Ferro foram formados?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O que \u00e9 a mat\u00e9ria escura?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;\">Quais elementos estavam na tabela original e quais foram descobertos depois? <span id='easy-footnote-1-1482' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-1482\" title=\" &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/youtu.be\/83RSwczyyRY&quot;&gt;v\u00eddeo&lt;\/a&gt; \"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;\">Como e por quem foram descobertos os elementos que estavam faltando na tabela peri\u00f3dica de Dmitri Mendeleev?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como a tabela pode ser usada para descobrir novos elementos para ocupar as lacunas?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;\">Ainda existem lacunas na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;\">Por que os elementos n\u00e3o podem ser divididos em subst\u00e2ncias mais simples? <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;\">Por que os metais alcalinos reagem com a \u00e1gua?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 id='elementos-qu\u00edmicos'  id=\"boomdevs_4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Elementos Qu\u00edmicos<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Apesar de diversos elementos qu\u00edmicos, tais como ouro, prata, estanho, cobre, chumbo e merc\u00fario, j\u00e1 terem sido descobertos na antiguidade, considera-se a descoberta do F\u00f3sforo em 1649 por Henning Brand como a primeira descoberta cient\u00edfica de um elemento qu\u00edmico.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Qu\u00edmica evoluiu com a descoberta de novas subst\u00e2ncias at\u00e9 que <a title=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dmitri_Mendeleev\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dmitri_Mendeleev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mendeleev<\/a> prop\u00f4s o conceito da Tabela Peri\u00f3dica em 1871. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Com a <a title=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Periodic_table\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Periodic_table\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tabela Peri\u00f3dica<\/a>, os elementos qu\u00edmicos conhecidos foram agrupados e seu comportamento come\u00e7ou a ser explicado em fun\u00e7\u00e3o de sua posi\u00e7\u00e3o relativa, que reflete a estrutura do \u00e1tomo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Mendeleev organizou empiricamente os elementos qu\u00edmicos atrav\u00e9s de propriedades macrosc\u00f3picas, mas desconhecia a estrutura da mat\u00e9ria. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contudo, ele descobriu diversas posi\u00e7\u00f5es na Tabela sem elementos conhecidos, que a ci\u00eancia passou a procurar. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Apesar da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o da ci\u00eancia, at\u00e9 recentemente existiam elementos da Tabela Peri\u00f3dica ainda n\u00e3o encontrados na terra. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 2015, a <a href=\"https:\/\/iupac.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IUPAC<\/a> e a <a href=\"https:\/\/iupap.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IUPAP<\/a> confirmaram as <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/VMv44bIBdQI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">descobertas dos elementos<\/a> Nip\u00f3nio (113), Mosc\u00f3vio (115), Tenesso (117) e Oganess\u00f4nio e, finalmente, a Tabela Peri\u00f3dica se completou. Isso ocorreu 144 anos ap\u00f3s a Tabela Peri\u00f3dica, 366 anos ap\u00f3s a descoberta do F\u00f3sforo, e 7 000 anos ap\u00f3s a descoberta do Cobre.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='o-\u00e1tomo'  id=\"boomdevs_5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O \u00c1tomo<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Durante muito tempo, os cientistas consideraram os elementos qu\u00edmicos as unidades elementares da mat\u00e9ria e os denominaram de \u00e1tomos, em homenagem aos gregos.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id='o-el\u00e9tron'  id=\"boomdevs_6\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O El\u00e9tron<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1897, <a title=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._J._Thomson\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._J._Thomson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">J.J. Thomson<\/a> descobriu os el\u00e9trons com seu tubo de raios cat\u00f3dicos, destruiu o conceito de indivisibilidade do \u00e1tomo, e deu origem \u00e0 Eletricidade. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por\u00e9m, a descoberta da divisibilidade do \u00e1tomo provocou a necessidade de nova teoria para a estrutura da mat\u00e9ria.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id='o-n\u00facleo-do-\u00e1tomo'  id=\"boomdevs_7\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O N\u00facleo do \u00c1tomo<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1911 a partir de experi\u00eancias com <a title=\"part\u00edculas alfa\" href=\"http:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Part%C3%ADcula_alfa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">part\u00edculas alfa<\/a>, <a title=\"http:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Rutherford\" href=\"http:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Rutherford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rutherford<\/a> concluiu\u00a0que:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"paragraph_style_4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">a mat\u00e9ria tinha muito espa\u00e7o vazio;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph_style_4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">existia um n\u00facleo pequeno e denso;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph_style_4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">este n\u00facleo possu\u00eda carga el\u00e9trica positiva.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em seguida, <a title=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niels_Bohr\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niels_Bohr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bohr<\/a> prop\u00f4s um modelo at\u00f4mico onde cargas negativas, chamadas de El\u00e9trons, orbitavam um n\u00facleo positivo.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este modelo se mostrou atraente para explicar as descobertas de Rutherford, parecia com o modelo planet\u00e1rio, mas apresentava uma inconsist\u00eancia eletromagn\u00e9tica. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Cargas el\u00e9tricas em trajet\u00f3rias n\u00e3o lineares, isto \u00e9, com acelera\u00e7\u00e3o, emitem energia eletromagn\u00e9tica e, consequentemente, perderiam velocidade e terminariam se chocando com o n\u00facleo. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Portanto, de acordo com essa teoria, a mat\u00e9ria n\u00e3o poderia existir no universo. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como o eletromagnetismo se encontra correto e a mat\u00e9ria existe, o modelo at\u00f4mico estava errado. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Para resolver esta quest\u00e3o, Bohr prop\u00f4s que os el\u00e9trons orbitassem em trajet\u00f3rias fixas sem perda de energia. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este postulado deu in\u00edcio \u00e0 F\u00edsica Qu\u00e2ntica.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id='o-n\u00eautron'  id=\"boomdevs_8\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O N\u00eautron<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Estes conceitos sobreviveram at\u00e9 1932 quando <a title=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Chadwick\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Chadwick\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Chadwick<\/a> descobriu o N\u00eautron.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Atualmente, sabe-se que os \u00e1tomos, que deveriam ser indivis\u00edveis, s\u00e3o formados por el\u00e9trons orbitando um n\u00facleo, formado por <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N%C3%BAcleon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">N\u00facleons<\/a>; os Pr\u00f3tons e os N\u00eautrons. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os N\u00facleons e o El\u00e9tron foram considerados as part\u00edculas fundamentais da mat\u00e9ria at\u00e9 a d\u00e9cada de 1960.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id='part\u00edculas-subat\u00f4micas'  id=\"boomdevs_9\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Part\u00edculas Subat\u00f4micas<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Atualmente, considera-se os Nucleons part\u00edculas subat\u00f4micas, mas n\u00e3o elementares, e o El\u00e9tron permanece como part\u00edcula elementar, conforme mostra a Figura 3.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_43790\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-43790\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-43790 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/atomo_quark-1024x819.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/atomo_quark-1024x819.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/atomo_quark-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/atomo_quark-768x614.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/atomo_quark-1200x960.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/atomo_quark.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-43790\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 3. Estrutura do \u00c1tomo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1964, a indivisibilidade dos Nucleons foi quebrada. Pr\u00f3tons e N\u00eautrons deixaram de ser part\u00edculas elementares e se tornaram part\u00edculas subat\u00f4micas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A F\u00edsica caminhou muito desde ent\u00e3o e criou o <strong>Modelo Padr\u00e3o<\/strong>, atualmente aceito com restri\u00e7\u00f5es pela comunidade cient\u00edfica. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este modelo descreve todos os fen\u00f4menos f\u00edsicos, exceto a gravidade<span id='easy-footnote-2-1482' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-1482\" title=\"\u00a0 A mat\u00e9ria escura se encontra nesse contexto\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span>. Por isso, a ci\u00eancia ainda n\u00e3o o considera o modelo final.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id='modelo-padr\u00e3o'  id=\"boomdevs_10\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Modelo Padr\u00e3o<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O Modelo Padr\u00e3o explica as seguintes for\u00e7as fundamentais da f\u00edsica:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">For\u00e7a Eletromagn\u00e9tica;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">For\u00e7a Forte;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">For\u00e7a Fraca.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 4 apresenta um resumo das part\u00edculas elementares do Modelo Padr\u00e3o e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com os Nucleons. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_43793\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-43793\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-43793 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/particulas1.png\" alt=\"Part\u00edculas subat\u00f4micas\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/particulas1.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/particulas1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/particulas1-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-43793\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 4. Part\u00edculas subat\u00f4micas<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As part\u00edculas em azul consistem nas mais importantes para o estudo de materiais at\u00e9 agora. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As antipart\u00edculas<span id='easy-footnote-3-1482' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-1482\" title=\" todas as part\u00edculas possuem uma antipart\u00edcula\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0 elementares n\u00e3o se encontram na figura para facilitar sua leitura e porque n\u00e3o fazem parte da mat\u00e9ria no universo conhecido.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id='classifica\u00e7\u00e3o-das-part\u00edculas-elementares'  id=\"boomdevs_11\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o das Part\u00edculas Elementares<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Existem dois grupos de part\u00edculas elementares: <strong>F\u00e9rmions<\/strong> e <strong>B\u00f3sons<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5 id='f\u00e9rmions'  id=\"boomdevs_12\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">F\u00e9rmions<\/span><\/h5>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">F\u00e9rmions s\u00e3o part\u00edculas com spin 1\/2, obedecem ao princ\u00edpio de exclus\u00e3o de <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wolfgang_Pauli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pauli<\/a> e receberam este nome em homenagem ao f\u00edsico <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enrico_Fermi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enrico Fermi<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Segundo o princ\u00edpio de exclus\u00e3o de Pauli, part\u00edculas de mesmo spin n\u00e3o podem ocupar o mesmo n\u00edvel energ\u00e9tico. Este princ\u00edpio, familiar aos que estudaram qu\u00edmica b\u00e1sica com rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos el\u00e9trons, foi apenas ampliado para outros elementos. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">F\u00e9rmions podem ser part\u00edculas ou \u00e1tomos que obedecem a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o estat\u00edstica Fermi-Dirac e, dentre as part\u00edculas elementares, se classificam em Quarks e Leptons.<\/span><\/p>\n<h6 id='quarks'  id=\"boomdevs_13\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Quarks<\/span><\/h6>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Quarks s\u00e3o as part\u00edculas elementares constituintes dos H\u00e1drons. Quarks <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">nunca foram encontrados ou observados sozinhos, mas possuem carga el\u00e9trica, massa, spin e outras novas caracter\u00edsticas denominadas de cor, up\/down, charm\/strange e top\/down.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m disso<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> todas as for\u00e7as fundamentais (Gravidade, Eletromagnetismo, For\u00e7a Forte e For\u00e7a Fraca) os afetam.\u00a0 Sua carga el\u00e9trica n\u00e3o \u00e9 unit\u00e1ria assume os valores 2\/3 (up, charm e top) e &#8211; 1\/3(down, strange e bottom). Isto explica a carga el\u00e9trica dos pr\u00f3tons e n\u00eautrons.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5 id='leptons'  id=\"boomdevs_14\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Leptons<\/span><\/h5>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Leptons s\u00e3o part\u00edculas elementares com spin igual a 1\/2 que podem ter carga el\u00e9trica igual a 1, 0 ou -1. O El\u00e9tron consiste no Lepton mais famoso e importante, e apenas as for\u00e7as eletromagn\u00e9tica e fraca os afetam.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5 id='b\u00f3sons'  id=\"boomdevs_15\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">B\u00f3sons<\/span><\/h5>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">B\u00f3sons s\u00e3o part\u00edculas que possuem spin inteiro e, por isso, n\u00e3o seguem o princ\u00edpio de exclus\u00e3o de Pauli. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por exemplo, o F\u00f3ton consiste no B\u00f3son mais importante para a engenharia el\u00e9trica, mas o B\u00f3son de Higgs se tornou o mais famoso em decorr\u00eancia de sua descoberta em mar\u00e7o de 2013 no CERN.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os B\u00f3sons seguem a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o estat\u00edstica de Bose-Einstein. Al\u00e9m disso, diversos B\u00f3sons podem ocupar o mesmo n\u00edvel energ\u00e9tico. Exemplos: Mesons e Nucleons est\u00e1veis com n\u00famero de massa par. <span id='easy-footnote-4-1482' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-1482\" title=\" O n\u00famero de massa consiste na soma dos nucleons do \u00e1tomo. \"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h6 id='trabalho-proposto-1'  id=\"boomdevs_16\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Trabalho proposto<\/span><\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Identifique os elementos da Tabela Peri\u00f3dica com n\u00famero de massa par.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os B\u00f3sons s\u00e3o respons\u00e1veis pelas for\u00e7as fundamentais sendo:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">os F\u00f3tons respons\u00e1veis pela for\u00e7a eletromagn\u00e9tica;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">os B\u00f3sons W+, W- e Z respons\u00e1veis pela for\u00e7a fraca;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">os Gl\u00faons respons\u00e1veis pela for\u00e7a forte.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 id='h\u00e1drons'  id=\"boomdevs_17\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">H\u00e1drons<\/span><\/h5>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>H\u00e1drons<\/strong> s\u00e3o sistemas com mais de um Quark e se subdividem em <strong>B\u00e1rions<\/strong> e <strong>M\u00e9sons<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h6 id='m\u00e9sons'  id=\"boomdevs_18\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">M\u00e9sons<\/span><\/h6>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">M\u00e9sons s\u00e3o part\u00edculas subat\u00f4micas inst\u00e1veis formadas por um <strong>quark<\/strong> e um <strong>antiquark<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h6 id='b\u00e1rions'  id=\"boomdevs_19\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">B\u00e1rions<\/span><\/h6>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por sua vez, os B\u00e1rions s\u00e3o part\u00edculas subat\u00f4micas formadas por tr\u00eas quarks que se unem pela for\u00e7a forte e se tornaram os<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00a0elementos b\u00e1sicos da mat\u00e9ria. Por serem formados por F\u00e9rmions, eles seguem o princ\u00edpio de exclus\u00e3o de Pauli.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Ser\u00e1 que a ci\u00eancia encontrou finalmente as t\u00e3o procuradas unidades indivis\u00edveis da mat\u00e9ria? <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A \u00fanica certeza \u00e9 que n\u00e3o temos certeza. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A F\u00edsica continua evoluindo e a cada dia surgem novas not\u00edcias de descobertas.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como isto tudo afeta a engenharia? <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No curto prazo, tudo continua na mesma. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Na falta de novas teorias, continua-se utilizando as existentes e o conhecimento emp\u00edrico obtido a partir de experi\u00eancias de laborat\u00f3rio.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contudo, a cada nova descoberta da F\u00edsica, a ci\u00eancia dos materiais evolui de forma explosiva e os engenheiros precisam se adaptar rapidamente. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por isso, torna-se cada vez mais importante que engenheiros se atualizem com F\u00edsica e Qu\u00edmica para que possam utilizar da melhor maneira poss\u00edvel os materiais dispon\u00edveis. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em particular, n\u00e3o h\u00e1 mais como fugir da F\u00edsica Qu\u00e2ntica porque ela<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00a0se encontra por tr\u00e1s de toda a engenharia el\u00e9trica.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='combina\u00e7\u00f5es-de-elementos-b\u00e1sicos'  id=\"boomdevs_20\" class=\"paragraph_style_3\">Combina\u00e7\u00f5es de Elementos B\u00e1sicos<\/h2>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Considerando que existem 118<span id='easy-footnote-5-1482' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-1482\" title=\" Por\u00e9m apenas 94 existem na terra\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u00e1tomos conhecidos, existem infinitas combina\u00e7\u00f5es para formar mol\u00e9culas. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por exemplo, sem considerar restri\u00e7\u00f5es qu\u00edmicas para combina\u00e7\u00f5es de \u00e1tomos, a combina\u00e7\u00e3o de 98 \u00e1tomos diferentes dois a dois forneceria 4 753 mol\u00e9culas distintas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Cada uma dessas inumer\u00e1veis mol\u00e9culas forma uma subst\u00e2ncia elementar que pode se combinar em compostos e misturas. Portanto, as possibilidades de materiais diferentes se tornam incalcul\u00e1veis. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O tamanho das mol\u00e9culas pode ser da ordem de grandeza de um \u00e1tomo, mas n\u00e3o apresenta limite superior porque os cientistas criam mol\u00e9culas cada vez maiores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 5 mostra as possibilidades de combina\u00e7\u00f5es de \u00e1tomos, mol\u00e9culas, compostos, misturas, solu\u00e7\u00f5es e ligas.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9180\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9180\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/matriais_numero.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9180 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/matriais_numero.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/matriais_numero.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/matriais_numero-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/matriais_numero-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/matriais_numero-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9180\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 5. Combina\u00e7\u00f5es de Elementos B\u00e1sicos<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id='tamanho-dos-\u00e1tomos-e-mol\u00e9culas'  id=\"boomdevs_21\">Tamanho dos \u00c1tomos e Mol\u00e9culas<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00c1tomos n\u00e3o podem ser medidos precisamente devido \u00e0 incerteza da posi\u00e7\u00e3o dos el\u00e9trons conforme previsto na Mec\u00e2nica Qu\u00e2ntica. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contudo, do ponto de vista pr\u00e1tico, define-se o tamanho do \u00e1tomo como sendo a dist\u00e2ncia entre seu n\u00facleo e el\u00e9tron mais externo. Evidentemente, esta dist\u00e2ncia varia com a proximidade de outros \u00e1tomos e\/ou a presen\u00e7a de campos el\u00e9tricos e magn\u00e9ticos. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por exemplo, a Tabela Peri\u00f3dica <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptable.com\/?lang=pt#Property\/Radius\/Empirical\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ptable<\/a> fornece quatro informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre o raio dos \u00e1tomos: calculado, emp\u00edrico, covalente, e Van der Walls, conforme mostra a Figura 6.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9209\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9209\" style=\"width: 1596px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/raio_atomos_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9209 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/raio_atomos_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1596\" height=\"969\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/raio_atomos_1.png 1596w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/raio_atomos_1-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/raio_atomos_1-1024x622.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/raio_atomos_1-768x466.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/raio_atomos_1-1536x933.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/raio_atomos_1-1200x729.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1596px) 100vw, 1596px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9209\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 6. Raio dos \u00e1tomos<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O valor calculado se baseia na teoria dispon\u00edvel, o valor emp\u00edrico se fundamenta em m\u00e9todos experimentais e os demais dependem da for\u00e7a de liga\u00e7\u00e3o qu\u00edmica estabelecida pelo \u00e1tomo para formar mol\u00e9culas; liga\u00e7\u00e3o Covalente ou Van der Waals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Analisando os dados da Figura 6, observa-se que os Metais Alcalinos<span id='easy-footnote-6-1482' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-1482\" title=\" coluna 1\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span> apresentam os maiores raios e os Gases Nobres<span id='easy-footnote-7-1482' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-1482\" title=\" coluna 18\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span> os menores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> Al\u00e9m disso, o raio at\u00f4mico aumenta com o aumento das linhas. Por isso, o \u00e1tomo de maior raio deveria ser o <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/hpYxllgfMSg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fr\u00e2ncio<\/a> e o de menor o H\u00e9lio. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por\u00e9m, a Tabela n\u00e3o fornece os dados do Fr\u00e2ncio por ser o segundo elemento menos abundante na terra, inst\u00e1vel e radioativo. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No entanto, o <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/5aD6HwUE2c0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">C\u00e9sio<\/a>, o metal alcalino logo acima do Fr\u00e2ncio na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica, possui o maior raio dentre os elementos com esta informa\u00e7\u00e3o na Ptable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Qual a explica\u00e7\u00e3o para este comportamento?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A resposta se encontra nos orbitais dos el\u00e9trons.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> Metais Alcalinos possuem apenas um el\u00e9tron da \u00faltima camada, que sofre um efeito de repuls\u00e3o dos demais el\u00e9trons das camadas mais internas. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por isso, quanto maior o n\u00famero de el\u00e9trons nas camadas mais internas, maior ser\u00e1 a for\u00e7a de repuls\u00e3o, e, consequentemente a dist\u00e2ncia deste el\u00e9tron em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao n\u00facleo. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como o n\u00famero de el\u00e9trons cresce com o n\u00famero at\u00f4mico, o raio dos \u00e1tomos aumenta com o aumento das linhas na tabela.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Isto demonstra a import\u00e2ncia da estrutura at\u00f4mica nas propriedades dos materiais.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 7 mostra as dimens\u00f5es relativas do \u00e1tomo e do n\u00facleo. Observa-se que o di\u00e2metro do \u00e1tomo se encontra da ordem de 100 vezes maior do que o di\u00e2metro do n\u00facleo. Isto significa que existe muito espa\u00e7o vazio dentro dos \u00e1tomos.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antoniolima.web.br.com\/Aulas\/Estrutura_materia_files\/droppedImage_7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"390\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 7. Dist\u00e2ncias no \u00c1tomo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por sua vez, a Figura 8 indica que subst\u00e2ncias elementares, como o sal de cozinha apresentam dist\u00e2ncias entre mol\u00e9culas maiores que 1 nm e mol\u00e9culas dist\u00e2ncias entre 0,1 e 10 nm. Isto comprova a exist\u00eancia de muito espa\u00e7o vazio no interior da mat\u00e9ria.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9190\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9190\" style=\"width: 727px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/tamanho_materiais_2.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9190 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/tamanho_materiais_2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"727\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/tamanho_materiais_2.png 727w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/tamanho_materiais_2-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 727px) 100vw, 727px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9190\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 8. Dist\u00e2ncias em materiais<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id='diferentes-for\u00e7as-entre-elementos-b\u00e1sicos'  id=\"boomdevs_22\">Diferentes For\u00e7as entre Elementos B\u00e1sicos<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Part\u00edculas Elementares se unem em determinadas circunst\u00e2ncias e seguindo regras estabelecidas para formar part\u00edculas subat\u00f4micas. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por sua vez, essas part\u00edculas se ligam para formar os \u00e1tomos obedecendo outras leis e condi\u00e7\u00f5es.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> Finalmente, \u00e1tomos se associam para formar Mol\u00e9culas e Subst\u00e2ncias. Estes tr\u00eas n\u00edveis de enla\u00e7amento requerem energias e mecanismos f\u00edsico-qu\u00edmicos distintos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por exemplo, a For\u00e7a Forte mant\u00e9m os Quarks unidos para formarem Pr\u00f3tons e N\u00eautrons e os preserva conectados no n\u00facleo dos \u00e1tomos. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Esta for\u00e7a extremamente poderosa, 137 vezes mais poderosa do que a for\u00e7a eletromagn\u00e9tica, possui um raio de a\u00e7\u00e3o muito pequeno. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As liga\u00e7\u00f5es qu\u00edmicas; I\u00f4nica, Covalente, Met\u00e1lica, e Van der Walls, fornecem as for\u00e7as que mant\u00eam os \u00e1tomos unidos para formar as subst\u00e2ncias.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Finalmente, outras for\u00e7as mant\u00eam essas mol\u00e9culas e compostos unidos em l\u00edquidos e s\u00f3lidos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Independentemente das for\u00e7as envolvidas, a exist\u00eancia da mat\u00e9ria ocorre em fun\u00e7\u00e3o do equil\u00edbrio entre for\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o e de repuls\u00e3o. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Para isso, as cargas el\u00e9tricas das part\u00edculas subat\u00f4micas e elementares desempenham papel fundamental.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Todas as for\u00e7as da natureza apresentam uma intensidade inversamente proporcional \u00e0 dist\u00e2ncia. Por\u00e9m, a taxa de varia\u00e7\u00e3o da intensidade com a dist\u00e2ncia depende do tipo de for\u00e7a envolvida e, gra\u00e7as a essas diferen\u00e7as, a mat\u00e9ria existe de forma est\u00e1vel no universo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 1 define a energia total do sistema<span id='easy-footnote-8-1482' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-1482\" title=\" \u00e1tomo, mol\u00e9cula, etc..\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span> onde for\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o e repuls\u00e3o atuam simultaneamente.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9235\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9235\" style=\"width: 272px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forcas_equilibrio.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9235\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forcas_equilibrio.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"272\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forcas_equilibrio.png 303w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forcas_equilibrio-300x88.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 272px) 100vw, 272px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9235\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 1. Energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">E \u00e9 a energia total do sistema;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">x \u00e9 a dist\u00e2ncia entre os elementos do sistema;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A e B s\u00e3o constantes das for\u00e7as envolvidas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">n e m determinam do decrescimento das for\u00e7as com a dist\u00e2ncia.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Conforme mostra a Figura 9, o ponto de equil\u00edbrio do sistema ocorre quando as for\u00e7as se igualam e, consequentemente, a energia encontra seu valor m\u00ednimo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Matematicamente, isto ocorre quando:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9237\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9237\" style=\"width: 532px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/equilibrio_atomos.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9237\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/equilibrio_atomos.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"532\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/equilibrio_atomos.png 612w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/equilibrio_atomos-300x45.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 532px) 100vw, 532px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9237\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 2. Ponto de equil\u00edbrio<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9233\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9233\" style=\"width: 814px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forcas_atracao.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9233 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forcas_atracao.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"814\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forcas_atracao.png 814w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forcas_atracao-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forcas_atracao-768x423.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 814px) 100vw, 814px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9233\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 9. Ponto de equil\u00edbrio<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Resolvendo a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 2, obtemos os seguintes resultados:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9240\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9240\" style=\"width: 254px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ponto_equilibrio_x.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9240\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ponto_equilibrio_x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"254\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ponto_equilibrio_x.png 321w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ponto_equilibrio_x-300x94.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9240\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 3. Dist\u00e2ncia de Equil\u00edbrio<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9242\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9242\" style=\"width: 312px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/energia_equilibrio.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9242\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/energia_equilibrio.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"312\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/energia_equilibrio.png 359w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/energia_equilibrio-300x77.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 312px) 100vw, 312px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9242\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 4. Energia de Equil\u00edbrio<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A an\u00e1lise das Equa\u00e7\u00f5es 3 e 4 permite concluir que:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre os elementos somente ser\u00e1 est\u00e1vel seja a energia de equil\u00edbrio for negativa;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">m deve ser menor do que n para que a energia de equil\u00edbrio seja negativa;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As for\u00e7as envolvidas podem ser quaisquer, mas devem diminuir com a dist\u00e2ncia entre os elementos.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id='for\u00e7a-eletromagn\u00e9tica'  id=\"boomdevs_23\">For\u00e7a Eletromagn\u00e9tica<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A for\u00e7a eletromagn\u00e9tica surgiu implicitamente num artigo de <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lorentz_force\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maxwell<\/a> publicado em 1865 e explicitamente no artigo de Lorentz publicado em 1895. A equa\u00e7\u00e3o 5 apresenta a for\u00e7a eletromagn\u00e9tica ou de Lorentz na sua forma completa.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9251\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9251\" style=\"width: 342px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forca_eletromagnetica_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9251 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forca_eletromagnetica_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"342\" height=\"51\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forca_eletromagnetica_1.png 342w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forca_eletromagnetica_1-300x45.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9251\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 5. For\u00e7a Eletromagn\u00e9tica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">F<sub>e<\/sub> \u00e9 a for\u00e7a eletromagn\u00e9tica [N];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">q \u00e9 a carga el\u00e9trica[C];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">E \u00e9 o campo el\u00e9trico externo[V\/m];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">v \u00e9 a velocidade instant\u00e2nea da carga[m\/s];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">B \u00e9 a densidade do fluxo magn\u00e9tico[T];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00a0X \u00e9 o produto vetorial.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A for\u00e7a eletromagn\u00e9tica se transforma em for\u00e7a eletrost\u00e1tica quando a carga se encontra parada ou quando inexiste campo magn\u00e9tico. Neste caso, a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 5 se converte na seguinte equa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9252\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9252\" style=\"width: 272px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forca_eletrostatica.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9252\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forca_eletrostatica.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"272\" height=\"80\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9252\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 6. For\u00e7a Eletrost\u00e1tica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">F<sub>e\u00a0<\/sub>\u00e9 a for\u00e7a eletrost\u00e1tica [N];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">k<sub>e\u00a0<\/sub>\u00e9 a constante de Coulomb &#8211; 8,987 551 7923(14) x 10<sup>9 <\/sup>[N.m<sup>2<\/sup>\/C<sup>2<\/sup>];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">q \u00e9 a magnitude das cargas el\u00e9tricas 1 e 2 [C];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">x \u00e9 a dist\u00e2ncia entre as cargas [m].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 6 mostra que a for\u00e7a eletrost\u00e1tica varia inversamente com o quadrado da dist\u00e2ncia.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id='compara\u00e7\u00e3o-entre-for\u00e7as'  id=\"boomdevs_24\">Compara\u00e7\u00e3o <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">entre<\/span> for\u00e7as<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os f\u00edsicos utilizam o <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fine-structure_constant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conceito da constante de estrutura fina<\/a> para comparar a magnitude das for\u00e7as da natureza. Esta constante possui diversas interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es f\u00edsicas, mas, aqui, ela representa a raz\u00e3o entre a energia eletrost\u00e1tica de repuls\u00e3o de dois el\u00e9trons distantes de x e a energia de um f\u00f3ton com comprimento de onda igual a 2\u03c0x.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_22439\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22439\" style=\"width: 492px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/const_estru_fina.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22439 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/const_estru_fina.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"492\" height=\"98\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/const_estru_fina.png 492w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/const_estru_fina-300x60.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22439\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 6. Constante de Estrutura Fina<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u03b1 \u00e9 a constante de estrutura fina [7.297 352 5693(11) x 10<sup>-3<\/sup>]<span id='easy-footnote-9-1482' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/#easy-footnote-bottom-9-1482\" title=\" o inverso deste valor \u00e9 aproximadamente 137\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span>;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">k<sub>e\u00a0<\/sub>\u00e9 a constante de Coulomb;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><em>e<\/em> \u00e9 a carga do el\u00e9tron [C];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><em>h<\/em> cortado \u00e9 a constante de Planck dividida por 2\u03c0;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">c \u00e9 a velocidade da luz [2.997 924 58 x 10<sup>8\u00a0<\/sup>m\/s].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este v\u00eddeo apresenta uma explica\u00e7\u00e3o detalhada da import\u00e2ncia da constante de estrutura fina na f\u00edsica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[wpdevart_youtube width=&#8221;640&#8243; height=&#8221;385&#8243; autoplay=&#8221;0&#8243; theme=&#8221;dark&#8221; loop_video=&#8221;0&#8243; enable_fullscreen=&#8221;1&#8243; show_related=&#8221;1&#8243; show_popup=&#8221;0&#8243; thumb_popup_width=&#8221;213&#8243; thumb_popup_height=&#8221;128&#8243; show_title=&#8221;1&#8243; show_youtube_icon=&#8221;1&#8243; show_annotations=&#8221;1&#8243; show_progress_bar_color=&#8221;white&#8221; autohide_parameters=&#8221;1&#8243; set_initial_volume=&#8221;true&#8221; initial_volume=&#8221;72&#8243; disable_keyboard=&#8221;1&#8243;]N6qN8GirKZU[\/wpdevart_youtube]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">De acordo com Strassler<span id='easy-footnote-10-1482' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/#easy-footnote-bottom-10-1482\" title=\" &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/profmattstrassler.com\/articles-and-posts\/particle-physics-basics\/the-known-forces-of-nature\/the-strength-of-the-known-forces\/&quot;&gt;SRASSLER, M., The strengths of Know Forces&lt;\/a&gt;\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/span>, utiliza-se a seguinte rela\u00e7\u00e3o para definir se determinada for\u00e7a \u00e9 forte ou fraca.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9257\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9257\" style=\"width: 195px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forca_fraca.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9257\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/forca_fraca.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"195\" height=\"92\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9257\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 8 Crit\u00e9rio para For\u00e7a Fraca<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Quando a rela\u00e7\u00e3o da equa\u00e7\u00e3o 8 \u00e9 muito menor do que 1, considera-se a for\u00e7a fraca, mas considera-se for\u00e7a forte se for pr\u00f3xima a 1. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Observa-se que a rela\u00e7\u00e3o da equa\u00e7\u00e3o 8 \u00e9 igual \u00e0 Constante de Estrutura Fina. Adicionalmente, c<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">omo esta constante \u00e9 muito menor do que 1, considera-se a for\u00e7a eletromagn\u00e9tica uma for\u00e7a fraca para todas as dist\u00e2ncias. <\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id='for\u00e7a-fraca'  id=\"boomdevs_25\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">For\u00e7a<\/span> Fraca<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A For\u00e7a Nuclear Fraca ou For\u00e7a Fraca \u00e9 a respons\u00e1vel pelo decaimento radioativo dos \u00e1tomos e possui papel importante na fiss\u00e3o nuclear e na fus\u00e3o nuclear.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 9 apresenta a constante \u03b1 referente \u00e0 for\u00e7a fraca.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9258\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9258\" style=\"width: 317px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/alfa_forca_fraca.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9258\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/alfa_forca_fraca.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"317\" height=\"65\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/alfa_forca_fraca.png 317w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/alfa_forca_fraca-300x62.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 317px) 100vw, 317px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9258\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 9. Constante da For\u00e7a Fraca<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">M<sub>w<\/sub> \u00e9 a massa do B\u00f3son W envolvido na liga\u00e7\u00e3o [80 GeV\/c<sup>2<\/sup>];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">x \u00e9 a dist\u00e2ncia [m];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><em>h<\/em> cortado \u00e9 a constante de Planck dividida por 2\u03c0 [1,054 571 81765 x 10 <sup>-34 <\/sup>J\/Hz];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">c \u00e9 a velocidade da luz [2,997 924 58 x 10<sup>8\u00a0<\/sup>m\/s].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Observa-se que este fator, sempre menor do que 0,02, decresce muito rapidamente com a dist\u00e2ncia. Isto significa que a For\u00e7a Fraca \u00e9 uma for\u00e7a fraca.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> Contudo, ela ultrapassa a For\u00e7a Eletromagn\u00e9tica para dist\u00e2ncias inferiores a 4,4 x10<sup>-23\u00a0<\/sup>mm e tornar-se 3 vezes mais forte quando a dist\u00e2ncia tende a zero.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id='for\u00e7a-forte'  id=\"boomdevs_26\">For\u00e7a Forte<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A For\u00e7a Forte possui comportamento distinto das for\u00e7as anteriores, sendo seu fator \u03b1 da ordem de 0,11 a 3&#215;10<sup>-18\u00a0<\/sup>m. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Isto a coloca distante da classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de for\u00e7a forte e apenas 10 vezes mais forte do que a For\u00e7a Eletromagn\u00e9tica nesta faixa de dist\u00e2ncias.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por\u00e9m, sua for\u00e7a relativa aumenta com a dist\u00e2ncia<span id='easy-footnote-11-1482' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/#easy-footnote-bottom-11-1482\" title=\" apesar da for\u00e7a absoluta decrescer com a dist\u00e2ncia\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span> e o fator \u03b1 aumenta para 0,3 para dist\u00e2ncias de 3&#215;10<sup>-16 <\/sup>m e ultrapassa o valor de 1 quando atinge dist\u00e2ncias da ordem de grandeza do raio do Pr\u00f3ton. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Portanto, a For\u00e7a Forte em parceria e a For\u00e7a Eletromagn\u00e9tica mantem Pr\u00f3tons e N\u00eautrons est\u00e1veis e unidos nos n\u00facleos at\u00f4micos.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='arruma\u00e7\u00e3o-dos-elementos-b\u00e1sicos'  id=\"boomdevs_27\">Arruma\u00e7\u00e3o dos Elementos B\u00e1sicos<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A arruma\u00e7\u00e3o dos elementos b\u00e1sicos da mat\u00e9ria depende das:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Simetrias das mol\u00e9culas e \u00e1tomos;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">For\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o entre as mol\u00e9culas e \u00e1tomos;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">For\u00e7as de repuls\u00e3o entre as mol\u00e9culas e \u00e1tomos.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Dependendo deste equil\u00edbrio de for\u00e7as, os elementos podem estar nos estados:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">S\u00f3lido;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">L\u00edquido;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Gasoso.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No <strong>estado gasoso<\/strong>, a energia cin\u00e9tica dos elementos supera as for\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o. Al\u00e9m disso, a pequena quantidade de elementos garante que a dist\u00e2ncia m\u00e9dia entre eles seja maior do que o raio de a\u00e7\u00e3o das for\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2480\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2480\" style=\"width: 580px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/gas.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2480 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/gas-1024x768.png\" alt=\"Gasoso\" width=\"580\" height=\"435\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2480\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 1. Estado Gasoso<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No <strong>estado l\u00edquido<\/strong>, a energia cin\u00e9tica dos elementos se encontra num valor intermedi\u00e1rio, insuficiente para superar totalmente as for\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o, mas a quantidade de elementos garante que a dist\u00e2ncia m\u00e9dia entre eles seja da ordem de grandeza do raio de a\u00e7\u00e3o das for\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Desta maneira, os elementos ficam ligados dentro do volume que os armazena. Por\u00e9m, as for\u00e7a de atra\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o inferiores \u00e0s for\u00e7as externas da ordem de grandeza da gravidade.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2479\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2479\" style=\"width: 580px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/liquido.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2479 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/liquido-1024x768.png\" alt=\"L\u00edquido\" width=\"580\" height=\"435\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2479\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 2. Estado L\u00edquido<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No <strong>estado s\u00f3lido<\/strong>, a energia cin\u00e9tica dos elementos se torna menor do que as for\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o, e a quantidade de elementos fica maior o suficiente para que a dist\u00e2ncia m\u00e9dia seja da ordem de grandeza do raio de a\u00e7\u00e3o das for\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2478\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2478\" style=\"width: 580px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/solido1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2478 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/solido1-1024x768.png\" alt=\"S\u00f3lido\" width=\"580\" height=\"435\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2478\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 3. Estado S\u00f3lido<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Desta forma os elementos ficam ligados dentro do volume que minimiza a dist\u00e2ncia entre os elementos independentemente do volume no qual est\u00e3o inseridos. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Neste caso, as for\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o fortes o suficiente para suplantarem a for\u00e7as externas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A energia cin\u00e9tica dos elementos consiste no fator fundamental para definir o estado da mat\u00e9ria e esta energia se encontra diretamente relacionada com \u00e0 temperatura e \u00e0 press\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os elementos b\u00e1sicos da mat\u00e9ria, \u00e1tomos e mol\u00e9culas, possuem simetrias e padr\u00f5es geom\u00e9tricos distintos. Isto explica as diversas estruturas cristalinas dos materiais s\u00f3lidos.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2517\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2517\" style=\"width: 580px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/mole_compa.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2517 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/mole_compa-1024x768.png\" alt=\"Arranjos F\u00edsicos\" width=\"580\" height=\"435\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2517\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 4. Arranjos F\u00edsicos no Estado S\u00f3lido<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A busca pela configura\u00e7\u00e3o de energia m\u00ednima determina a estrutura preferencial dos s\u00f3lidos. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por exemplo, uma mol\u00e9cula composta de dois \u00e1tomos de tamanhos diferentes e geometria linear pode solidificar de diversas maneiras, mas a estrutura mais compacta se torna sempre a mais est\u00e1vel. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os cristais de gelo s\u00e3o um exemplo pr\u00e1tico desta quest\u00e3o. Dependendo das condi\u00e7\u00f5es de solidifica\u00e7\u00e3o (temperatura, press\u00e3o, etc..) os cristais se formam em padr\u00f5es distintos.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6968\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6968\" style=\"width: 847px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/iStock_000000381580Small.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6968 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/iStock_000000381580Small.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"847\" height=\"567\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/iStock_000000381580Small.jpg 847w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/iStock_000000381580Small-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/iStock_000000381580Small-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 847px) 100vw, 847px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6968\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 5. Cristais de Gelo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Inter var', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 48px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.0415625em;\">Refer\u00eancias<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">ALLCOCK, H. R., <strong>Introduction to Materials Chemistry<\/strong>, Wiley, 2008.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">ANDERSON, J.C.,\u00a0 et al., <strong>Materials Science for Engineers<\/strong>, Taylor &amp; Francis e-Library, 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">ASHCROFT, N.W., MERMIN, N.D., <strong>Solid State Physics<\/strong>, Harcourt, 1976.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">BALMER, R.T., <strong>Modern Engineering Thermodynamics<\/strong>, Elsevier, 2011.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">BEATY, H.W, FINK, D. G., <strong>Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers<\/strong>, McGraw-Hill, 15th edition, 2007.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">COTTINGHAM, W.N., GREENWOOD, D.A., <strong>An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, <\/strong>2 edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Oxford University Press, 2007.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">MCMAHON, D., <strong>Quantum Field Theory Demystified<\/strong>, McGraw-Hill, 2008.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">NEWNHAM, R. E., <strong>Properties of Materials &#8211; Anisotropy, Symmetry and Structure<\/strong>, Oxford University Press, 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">SOLYMAR, L., WALSH, D., <strong>Electrical Properties of Materials<\/strong>, Oxford University Press, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">YAWS, C.L, <strong>Chemical Properties Handbook<\/strong>, McGraw-Hill, 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;Ci\u00eancia \u00e9 imagina\u00e7\u00e3o numa camisa de for\u00e7a&#8221; Feymann Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o Assim como os artistas conhecem as propriedades e caracter\u00edsticas dos pinc\u00e9is, tintas, e telas, engenheiros precisam conhecer a estrutura da mat\u00e9ria. As propriedades macrosc\u00f3picas dos materiais se classificam em: Mec\u00e2nicas; T\u00e9rmicas; El\u00e9tricas; Magn\u00e9ticas; \u00d3ticas; Qu\u00edmicas; O conhecimento emp\u00edrico das propriedades da mat\u00e9ria mostrou uma correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9203,"parent":1134,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1482","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/estrutura_mat-1.png",1200,280,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/estrutura_mat-1-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/estrutura_mat-1-300x70.png",300,70,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/estrutura_mat-1-768x179.png",580,135,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/estrutura_mat-1-1024x239.png",580,135,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/estrutura_mat-1.png",1200,280,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/estrutura_mat-1.png",1200,280,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/estrutura_mat-1.png",1200,280,false],"twentytwenty-fullscreen":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/estrutura_mat-1.png",1200,280,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/author\/admin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"&#8220;Ci\u00eancia \u00e9 imagina\u00e7\u00e3o numa camisa de for\u00e7a&#8221; Feymann Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o Assim como os artistas conhecem as propriedades e caracter\u00edsticas dos pinc\u00e9is, tintas, e telas, engenheiros precisam conhecer a estrutura da mat\u00e9ria. As propriedades macrosc\u00f3picas dos materiais se classificam em: Mec\u00e2nicas; T\u00e9rmicas; El\u00e9tricas; Magn\u00e9ticas; \u00d3ticas; Qu\u00edmicas; O conhecimento emp\u00edrico das propriedades da mat\u00e9ria mostrou uma correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1482","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1482"}],"version-history":[{"count":181,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1482\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44650,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1482\/revisions\/44650"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1134"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9203"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1482"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}