{"id":1622,"date":"2015-02-20T16:56:13","date_gmt":"2015-02-20T18:56:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/?page_id=1622"},"modified":"2022-07-08T15:10:23","modified_gmt":"2022-07-08T18:10:23","slug":"propriedades-quimicas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-quimicas\/","title":{"rendered":"Propriedades Qu\u00edmicas"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: right;\"><em><strong>&#8220;N\u00e3o existe nada al\u00e9m de \u00e1tomos e v\u00e1cuo; todo o resto \u00e9 apenas opini\u00e3o.&#8221;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: right;\"><em>Democritus, Fil\u00f3sofo Grego<\/em><\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id='n\u00famero-at\u00f4mico'  id=\"boomdevs_1\">N\u00famero At\u00f4mico<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O <strong>N\u00famero At\u00f4mico &#8211; Z <\/strong>determina as propriedades qu\u00edmicas dos \u00e1tomos e corresponde simplesmente ao <strong>n\u00famero de Pr\u00f3tons<\/strong> existentes no seu n\u00facleo. Para garantir a neutralidade el\u00e9trica do \u00e1tomo, o n\u00famero de pr\u00f3tons deve igualar o n\u00famero de el\u00e9trons.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22167\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22167\" style=\"width: 216px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/num_atomico.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22167 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/num_atomico.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"216\" height=\"51\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22167\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 1. N\u00famero At\u00f4mico<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Z \u00e9 o n\u00famero at\u00f4mico;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">n<sub>e<\/sub> \u00e9 o n\u00famero de el\u00e9trons;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">n<sub>p<\/sub> \u00e9 o n\u00famero de pr\u00f3tons.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id='massa-at\u00f4mica'  id=\"boomdevs_2\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Massa At\u00f4mica<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A soma do<strong> n\u00famero de N\u00eautrons e Pr\u00f3tons <\/strong>determina a <strong>Massa At\u00f4mica &#8211; A<\/strong> dos \u00e1tomos, outra caracter\u00edstica fundamental dos elementos qu\u00edmicos, e \u00e9 definida como sendo a <strong>soma do n\u00famero de N\u00eautrons e Pr\u00f3tons<\/strong> do \u00e1tomo. Evidentemente, este n\u00famero n\u00e3o tem unidade de massa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22168\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22168\" style=\"width: 195px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/massa_atomica.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22168 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/massa_atomica.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"195\" height=\"47\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22168\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 2. Massa At\u00f4mica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A \u00e9 a massa at\u00f4mica;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">N \u00e9 o n\u00famero de n\u00eautrons;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Z \u00e9 o n\u00famero at\u00f4mico.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Tabela abaixo apresenta a massa das tr\u00eas part\u00edculas subat\u00f4micas mais importantes, do \u00e1tomo de Hidrog\u00eanio, e o de Carbono. A unidade oficial do Sistema Internacional adota o kg como unidade oficial de massa, mas o valor da massa dos elementos qu\u00edmicos em kg necessita de valores num\u00e9ricos muito pequenos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Para facilitar os c\u00e1lculos, os qu\u00edmicos normalizaram a massa e escolheram como base o <strong>Carbono<\/strong>.\u00a0 Como a soma de pr\u00f3tons e n\u00eautrons no Carbono iguala a 12, definiram a <strong>unidade de massa at\u00f4mica (uma)<\/strong> como sendo igual a <strong>12<\/strong>. Contudo, a nona edi\u00e7\u00e3o do Sistema Internacional de Medidas alterou a defini\u00e7\u00e3o do <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/mol\/\">mol<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\n<table id=\"tablepress-5\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-5\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Elemento<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">massa [kg]<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Massa [uma]<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">Massa [MeV]<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">El\u00e9tron<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">9,109E-31<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5,49E-4<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,511<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Pr\u00f3ton<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1,672e-27<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1,0072777<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">938,272<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">N\u00eautron<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1,675e-27<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1,008665<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">939,566<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Hidrog\u00eanio<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1,674e-27<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1,007825<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">938,7833<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Carbono<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1,993e-26<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">12<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">11.177,9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Quark up<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td><td class=\"column-4\">2,3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Quark down<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4,8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-5 from cache --><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id='is\u00f3topos-is\u00f3baros-e-is\u00f3tonos'  id=\"boomdevs_3\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is\u00f3topos, Is\u00f3baros e Is\u00f3tonos<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div id=\"id104\" class=\"style_SkipStroke_2 shape-with-text\">\r\n<div class=\"text-content graphic_textbox_layout_style_default_External_1019_502\">\r\n<div class=\"graphic_textbox_layout_style_default\">\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1912, o qu\u00edmico <a title=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederick_Soddy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederick_Soddy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frederick Soddy<\/a> descobriu 40 novos elementos radioativos com massa entre o Ur\u00e2nio e o Chumbo. Contudo, de acordo com a Tabela Peri\u00f3dica, existiam apenas 11 elementos entre esses \u00e1tomos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como explicar este resultado experimental? A Tabela Peri\u00f3dica estava errada ou algo de novo havia sido descoberto?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A explica\u00e7\u00e3o dada para acomodar os novos elementos foi a cria\u00e7\u00e3o do conceito do <span class=\"style\">Is\u00f3topo<\/span>. <strong><span class=\"style\">Is\u00f3topos<\/span><\/strong> s\u00e3o \u00e1tomos com <strong><span class=\"style\">mesmo N\u00famero At\u00f4mico &#8211; Z,<\/span> <\/strong>mas com <strong><span class=\"style\">diferentes Massas At\u00f4micas &#8211; A<\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Isto s\u00f3 \u00e9 poss\u00edvel se<span class=\"style\"> o <strong>n\u00famero de N\u00eautrons for diferente<\/strong><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como o N\u00famero At\u00f4mico \u00e9 igual, <strong>as propriedades qu\u00edmicas dos Is\u00f3topos s\u00e3o iguais<\/strong> e eles se diferenciam apenas pela <strong>massa<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como a massa do hidrog\u00eanio em <em>uma, <\/em>apresentada na tabela acima<em>,<\/em> \u00e9 um n\u00famero real se a massa at\u00f4mica, por defini\u00e7\u00e3o,<em>\u00a0<\/em>\u00e9 um n\u00famero inteiro?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como os is\u00f3topos n\u00e3o podem ser separados quimicamente, todo o trabalho experimental de medi\u00e7\u00e3o da massa dos \u00e1tomos utilizou amostras com diversos Is\u00f3topos, em propor\u00e7\u00f5es variadas. Isto significa que a massa medida \u00e9 a m\u00e9dia ponderada da massa dos Is\u00f3topos existentes na natureza.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por exemplo, a Massa At\u00f4mica do Carbono \u00e9 12, mas, como existe seu Is\u00f3topo com massa 14, a Massa At\u00f4mica m\u00e9dia do Carbono \u00e9 12,011.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00c9 importante ter em mente este conceito porque, dependendo do problema e\/ou contexto, deve-se utilizar a Massa At\u00f4mica do is\u00f3topo espec\u00edfico ou a massa at\u00f4mica m\u00e9dia do elemento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como todo elemento qu\u00edmico \u00e9 caracterizado por tr\u00eas n\u00fameros, N\u00famero At\u00f4mico, Massa At\u00f4mica e N\u00famero de N\u00eautrons, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel fazer outros tipos de combina\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_6\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Is\u00f3baros<\/strong> <span class=\"style_6\"> s\u00e3o elementos qu\u00edmicos de <strong>mesma <\/strong><\/span><strong>Massa At\u00f4mica -A<\/strong>&#8211;<span class=\"style_6\"> mas <\/span><strong>N\u00fameros At\u00f4micos -Z-<\/strong><span class=\"style_6\"><strong> diferentes.<\/strong><br \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_6\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Is\u00f3tonos<\/strong><span class=\"style_6\"> s\u00e3o elementos at\u00f4micos com <strong>mesmo n\u00famero de N\u00eautrons<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph_style_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A figura abaixo apresenta a representa\u00e7\u00e3o dos elementos qu\u00edmicos. \u00c9 importante observar que nem todos os autores seguem a mesma conven\u00e7\u00e3o de colocar a Massa At\u00f4mica no canto superior esquerdo. Portanto, deve-se prestar aten\u00e7\u00e3o neste detalhe ao ler livros de diversos autores. A dica \u00e9 sempre considerar a massa como sendo o maior n\u00famero.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22170\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22170\" style=\"width: 299px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/isotopo.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22170 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/isotopo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"299\" height=\"56\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22170\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 4. Is\u00f3topo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22171\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22171\" style=\"width: 296px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/isobaro.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22171\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/isobaro.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"296\" height=\"56\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22171\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 5. Is\u00f3baro<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22173\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22173\" style=\"width: 274px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/isotono.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22173\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/isotono.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"274\" height=\"60\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22173\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 6. Is\u00f3tono<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">X \u00e9 o s\u00edmbolo do elemento qu\u00edmico;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A \u00e9 a massa at\u00f4mica;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Z \u00e9 o n\u00famero at\u00f4mico;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">N \u00e9 o n\u00famero de N\u00eautrons (opcional).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id='mol'  id=\"boomdevs_4\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mol<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Qualquer quantidade de material, por menor que seja, cont\u00e9m muitos elementos qu\u00edmicos fundamentais e subst\u00e2ncias diferentes possuem massas diferentes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por isso, criou-se a <strong>unidade de quantidade de subst\u00e2ncia<\/strong>, denominada de <strong>Mol. <\/strong>Atualmente, o mol passou a ser definido como a quantidade de 6,022 140 76 x 10<sup>23<\/sup> unidades elementares da subst\u00e2ncia, <strong>N\u00famero de Avogadro &#8211; Na<\/strong><strong>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00a0A qu\u00edmica e a ci\u00eancia dos materiais utilizam a unidade Mol e diversas propriedades intensivas dos materiais utilizam o Mol.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id='configura\u00e7\u00f5es-eletr\u00f4nicas-dos-\u00e1tomos'  id=\"boomdevs_5\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Configura\u00e7\u00f5es Eletr\u00f4nicas dos \u00c1tomos<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os qu\u00edmicos identificaram experimentalmente as configura\u00e7\u00f5es eletr\u00f4nicas dos \u00e1tomos. Bohr, Schr\u00f6dinger e outros f\u00edsicos desenvolveram as teorias para explicar estes resultados experimentais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A qu\u00edmica identificou os seguintes n\u00fameros qu\u00e2nticos:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Principal n<\/strong>, um n\u00famero inteiro maior ou igual a 1;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Momento angular orbital l<\/strong>, outro n\u00famero inteiro maior do que zero e menor que n;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Momento magn\u00e9tico orbital ml<\/strong>, outro n\u00famero inteiro que pode ter apenas os valores 0, +\/-1, +\/_2, &#8230; +\/- l;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Momento magn\u00e9tico do el\u00e9tron &#8211; spin &#8211; s<\/strong>, outro n\u00famero que pode ser apenas +1\/2 ou -1\/2.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Bohr explicou apenas o n\u00famero qu\u00e2ntico principal &#8211; n. Este n\u00famero est\u00e1 relacionado ao n\u00edvel de energia do el\u00e9tron e a linha ocupada pelo \u00e1tomo na <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ptable.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tabela peri\u00f3dica<\/a>, conforme a Figura 1.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O n\u00edvel 1, o mais est\u00e1vel, possui a menor energia -13,8 eV, e seu valor negativo resulta da conven\u00e7\u00e3o de considerar energia zero na dist\u00e2ncia infinita.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_42930\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-42930\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-42930 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/energia_bohr.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/energia_bohr.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/energia_bohr-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/energia_bohr-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-42930\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 1. Energia dos n\u00edveis at\u00f4micos de acordo com Bohr<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O valor de -13,8 eV corresponde ao \u00e1tomo de hidrog\u00eanio, que possui apenas um pr\u00f3ton em seu n\u00facleo. No caso de Z pr\u00f3tons no n\u00facleo, a energia base fica Z<sup>2<\/sup> vezes maior em m\u00f3dulo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A energia converge para zero com o aumento de N e, por isso, n\u00e3o encontramos \u00e1tomos na terra al\u00e9m da camada 7.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><\/p>\n\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As equa\u00e7\u00f5es de Schr\u00f6dinger forneceram a explica\u00e7\u00e3o te\u00f3rica para os n\u00fameros qu\u00e2nticos. A solu\u00e7\u00e3o de equa\u00e7\u00f5es diferenciais fornece os autovalores da equa\u00e7\u00e3o, e os tr\u00eas primeiros n\u00fameros qu\u00e2nticos s\u00e3o autovalores da equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Schr\u00f6dinger.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Schr\u00f6ndiger, com sua equa\u00e7\u00e3o, explicou o momento angular orbital e o momento magn\u00e9tico orbital. Contudo, n\u00e3o explicou o momento magn\u00e9tico do el\u00e9tron &#8211; spin.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O conceito geom\u00e9trico das configura\u00e7\u00f5es pode ser visto neste <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomic_orbital\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id='refer\u00eancias'  id=\"boomdevs_6\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0Refer\u00eancias<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">ROSEMBERG, J.L., EPSTEIN, L.M., KRIEGER, P.J., <strong>College Chemistry<\/strong>, 9 edi\u00e7\u00e3o, McGraw-Hill, 2007.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">TRO, N.J., <strong>Introductory Chemistry<\/strong>, 4 edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Prentice Hall, 2013.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">TILLEY, R.J.D, <strong>Understanding Solids &#8211; The Science of Materials<\/strong>, 2 edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Wiley, 2013.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Democritus, Fil\u00f3sofo Grego Onde: Z \u00e9 o n\u00famero at\u00f4mico; ne \u00e9 o n\u00famero de el\u00e9trons; np \u00e9 o n\u00famero de pr\u00f3tons. Massa At\u00f4mica Onde: A \u00e9 a massa at\u00f4mica; N \u00e9 o n\u00famero de n\u00eautrons; Z \u00e9 o n\u00famero at\u00f4mico. A Tabela abaixo apresenta a massa das tr\u00eas part\u00edculas subat\u00f4micas mais importantes, do \u00e1tomo de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9461,"parent":1134,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1622","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/quimica_1.png",1200,280,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/quimica_1-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/quimica_1-300x70.png",300,70,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/quimica_1-768x179.png",580,135,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/quimica_1-1024x239.png",580,135,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/quimica_1.png",1200,280,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/quimica_1.png",1200,280,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/quimica_1.png",1200,280,false],"twentytwenty-fullscreen":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/quimica_1.png",1200,280,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/author\/admin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Democritus, Fil\u00f3sofo Grego Onde: Z \u00e9 o n\u00famero at\u00f4mico; ne \u00e9 o n\u00famero de el\u00e9trons; np \u00e9 o n\u00famero de pr\u00f3tons. Massa At\u00f4mica Onde: A \u00e9 a massa at\u00f4mica; N \u00e9 o n\u00famero de n\u00eautrons; Z \u00e9 o n\u00famero at\u00f4mico. A Tabela abaixo apresenta a massa das tr\u00eas part\u00edculas subat\u00f4micas mais importantes, do \u00e1tomo de&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1622","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1622"}],"version-history":[{"count":72,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1622\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42928,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1622\/revisions\/42928"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1134"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9461"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1622"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}