{"id":2389,"date":"2015-03-06T15:00:53","date_gmt":"2015-03-06T18:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/?page_id=2389"},"modified":"2021-10-28T10:19:51","modified_gmt":"2021-10-28T13:19:51","slug":"propriedades-magneticas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/","title":{"rendered":"Materiais Magn\u00e9ticos"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&#8220;<strong><em>O magnetismo \u00e9 uma for\u00e7a poderosa que faz com que certos itens sejam atra\u00eddos para geladeiras.&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Dave Barry<span id='easy-footnote-1-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-2389' title='Dave Barry Quotes.\u00a0(nd).\u00a0BrainyQuote.com.\u00a0Recuperado em 21 de dezembro de 2020, do site BrainyQuote.com: https:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/quotes\/dave_barry_100278'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<h2 id='introdu\u00e7\u00e3o'  id=\"boomdevs_1\">Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O magnetismo surpreende e encanta o mundo desde a antiguidade. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Eg\u00edpcios, Chineses, e Gregos conheceram o magnetismo centenas de anos antes de cristo, a teoria do eletromagnetismo surgiu no final do s\u00e9culo 19, mas a teoria dos materiais magn\u00e9ticos surgiu apenas ap\u00f3s 1930 com a Mec\u00e2nica Qu\u00e2ntica. <span id='easy-footnote-2-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-2389' title=' N. Singh, A.M. Jayannavar, A Brief history of magnetism, (2019) 1\u201315.&amp;lt;http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1903.07031&amp;gt; acessado em 8\/5\/2019. '><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Tabela abaixo mostra a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica do magnetismo<span id='easy-footnote-3-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-2389' title=' Coey p.7'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span>. Observa-se a influ\u00eancia dos agentes militares e governamentais impulsionando o desenvolvimento das aplica\u00e7\u00f5es ao longo da hist\u00f3ria e o mercado consumidor passando a ocupar uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o de destaque somente a partir de meados do s\u00e9culo XX.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\n<div class=\"wpdt-c wdt-skin-aqua\">\n    \n    <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"wdtNonceFrontendServerSide_52\" name=\"wdtNonceFrontendServerSide_52\" value=\"0b419c795a\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wp_http_referer\" value=\"\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2389\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"wdtFrontendelementorNonce_52\" name=\"wdtFrontendelementorNonce_52\" value=\"40ff56c987\" \/>    <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"table_1_desc\"\n           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class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div><!-- \/Table body -->\n                    <tr id=\"table_52_row_0\"\n            data-row-index=\"0\">\n                            <td style=\"\">1<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Antiguidade<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">de 2000 ac at\u00e9 1500 dc<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">B\u00fassola<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Governos<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Ferro e Magnetita<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_52_row_1\"\n            data-row-index=\"1\">\n                            <td style=\"\">2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">In\u00edcio da Era Moderna<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">de 1500 at\u00e9 1820<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Im\u00e3 de Ferradura<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Marinha<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Ferro e Magnetita<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_52_row_2\"\n            data-row-index=\"2\">\n                            <td style=\"\">3<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Era Eletromagn\u00e9tica<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">de 1820 at\u00e9 1900<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Eletroim\u00e3s<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Ind\u00fastria<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">A\u00e7o El\u00e9trico<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_52_row_3\"\n            data-row-index=\"3\">\n                            <td style=\"\">4<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Era Qu\u00e2ntica<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">de 1900 at\u00e9 1935<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Mec\u00e2nica Qu\u00e2ntica<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Academia<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Alnico<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_52_row_4\"\n            data-row-index=\"4\">\n                            <td style=\"\">5<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Era Alta Frequ\u00eancia<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1935-1960<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Resson\u00e2ncia Magn\u00e9tica<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Militar<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Ferrites<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_52_row_5\"\n            data-row-index=\"5\">\n                            <td style=\"\">6<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Era das Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1960-1995<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Chave de Fenda El\u00e9trica<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Mercado<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Sm-Co, Nd-Fe-B<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_52_row_6\"\n            data-row-index=\"6\">\n                            <td style=\"\">7<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Era do Spin<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1995-<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Cabe\u00e7a de Leitura<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Mercado<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Multicamadas<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>        <!-- \/Table body -->\n\n        <!-- Table footer -->\n        \n        <!-- \/Table footer -->\n    <\/table>\n\n<\/div><style>\ntable.wpDataTable td.numdata { text-align: right !important; }\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \n                                                                                    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead tr:nth-child(2) th {\n        overflow: visible;\n    }\n\n            \/* table font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable {\n        font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif !important;\n    }\n\n            \/* table font size *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable {\n        font-size: 24px !important;\n    }\n\n            \n                <\/style>\n<style>\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                            \n                                        \n                    \n<\/style>\n\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O primeiro contato do homem com o magnetismo ocorreu atrav\u00e9s de rochas que atraiam objetos de ferro, e o magnetismo revolucionou o mundo com a inven\u00e7\u00e3o da b\u00fassola, que se encontra entre as dez mais importantes inven\u00e7\u00f5es da humanidade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1600, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Gilbert_(astronomer)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Gilbert<\/a> publicou seu trabalho \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_Magnete\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">De Magnet<\/a>\u201d e iniciou o estudo cient\u00edfico do magnetismo. Ele considerou a eletricidade e o magnetismo fen\u00f4menos independentes, e talvez sua maior contribui\u00e7\u00e3o tenha sido considerar a terra um gigantesco im\u00e3 para explicar o funcionamento da b\u00fassola.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por\u00e9m, em 1820, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oersted<\/a> descobriu que a corrente el\u00e9trica produz efeitos magn\u00e9ticos, o que representou mais um passo importante na evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do conhecimento. Logo a seguir, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ampere<\/a> demonstrou\u00a0a exist\u00eancia de for\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o\/repuls\u00e3o entre fios paralelos conduzindo corrente el\u00e9trica. Por\u00e9m, o conceito de que o <strong>Ferromagnetismo<\/strong> resulta de correntes el\u00e9tricas no interior dos materiais representou a maior descoberta relacionada aos materiais magn\u00e9ticos nesta \u00e9poca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Faraday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Faraday<\/a> surgiu em seguida e, em 1831, revelou ao mundo a lei da indu\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica, que fornece a base te\u00f3rica para a constru\u00e7\u00e3o de todas as m\u00e1quinas el\u00e9tricas. Adicionalmente, ele introduziu o conceito de campos el\u00e9tricos e magn\u00e9ticos, descobriu a eletroqu\u00edmica, e os materiais paramagn\u00e9ticos e diamagn\u00e9ticos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1865, \u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Clerk_Maxwell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maxwell\u00a0<\/a><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">publicou sua teoria eletromagn\u00e9tica, que revolucionou a f\u00edsica e criou o eletromagnetismo, que constitui o cerne da engenharia el\u00e9trica. Basicamente, ele reuniu todo os conhecimentos de eletricidade e magnetismo dispon\u00edveis na ocasi\u00e3o e os condensou em quatro equa\u00e7\u00f5es, que se tornaram conhecidas como as equa\u00e7\u00f5es de Maxwell.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Curie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Em 1895, Pierre Curie<\/a>, prosseguindo com o trabalho experimental de Faraday com os materiais magn\u00e9ticos, revelou que o <strong>Paramagnetismo<\/strong> e o <strong>Ferromagnetismo<\/strong> dependem da temperatura, mas o <strong>Diamagnetismo<\/strong> independe. Contudo, estes resultados experimentais permaneceram sem explica\u00e7\u00e3o te\u00f3rica durante anos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Somente em\u00a01902 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_Langevin#cite_note-rechenberg-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Langevin<\/a>, tendo Curie como seu orientador de doutorado, sugeriu que o <strong>Paramagnetismo<\/strong> e <strong>Diamagnetismo<\/strong> resultariam do <strong>momento magn\u00e9tico dos el\u00e9trons nos \u00e1tomos<\/strong>, apesar da estrutura at\u00f4mica ser desconhecida na \u00e9poca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1902, <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hendrik_Lorentz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hendrik A. Lorentz<\/a> ganhou o segundo Pr\u00eamio Nobel de F\u00edsica da hist\u00f3ria &#8220;em reconhecimento ao extraordin\u00e1rio servi\u00e7o prestado por suas pesquisas sobre a influ\u00eancia do magnetismo sobre os fen\u00f4menos de radia\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1922, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Otto_Stern\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stern<\/a> <span id='easy-footnote-4-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-2389\" title=\" Ganhou o pr\u00eamio Nobel de F\u00edsica em 1943 \"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span> e <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walther_Gerlach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gerlach<\/a> provaram que a orienta\u00e7\u00e3o espacial do momento magn\u00e9tico dos \u00e1tomos n\u00e3o era cont\u00ednua, como previsto por Langevin, mas sim discreta. O magnetismo come\u00e7ou a se transformar num fen\u00f4meno qu\u00e2ntico, apesar da F\u00edsica Qu\u00e2ntica se encontrar nascendo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A partir de 1926, a F\u00edsica Qu\u00e2ntica j\u00e1 havia nascido e <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck<\/a> <span id='easy-footnote-5-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-2389\" title=\" Ele ganhou o Nobel de F\u00edsica em 1977 por seu trabalho de entender os el\u00e9trons nos s\u00f3lidos \"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span> aplicou os novos conceitos ao magnetismo aperfei\u00e7oando as teorias de Langevin. Sua teoria do campo cristalino, que demonstra que \u00e1tomos possuem n\u00edveis energ\u00e9ticos menores quando fazem parte de um cristal, forneceu fundamentos te\u00f3ricos para aprofundar o conhecimento do magnetismo em s\u00f3lidos. Como resultado, ele forneceu fundamentos te\u00f3ricos para explicar o comportamento distinto entre sais de terra rara e sais de ferro.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1927, <a href=\"http:\/\/Wolfgang Ernst Pauli\">Wolfgang Ernst Pauli\u00a0<\/a> <span id='easy-footnote-6-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-2389\" title=\" recebeu o Pr\u00eamio Nobel de F\u00edsica em 1945\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span> apresentou sua teoria sobre o comportamento paramagn\u00e9tico dos El\u00e9trons Livres nos metais, que se tornou conhecido como o <strong>Paramagnetismo de Pauli<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lev_Landau\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lev Davidovich Landau<\/a> <span id='easy-footnote-7-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-2389\" title=\" Ele ganhou o Pr\u00eamio Nobel de F\u00edsica em 1962\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span> apresentou em 1930 sua teoria de que El\u00e9trons Livres apresentam comportamento diamagn\u00e9tico quando submetidos a um campo magn\u00e9tico devido ao aparecimento de n\u00edveis de energia, que se tornaram conhecidos como <strong>N\u00edveis de Landau<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_N%C3%A9el\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Louis N\u00e9el<\/a> descobriu os materiais Antiferromagn\u00e9ticos em 1930 e os Ferrimagn\u00e9ticos em 1948 e, baseado nessas descobertas, ele recebeu o Nobel de F\u00edsica em 1970.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1938, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Felix_Bloch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Felix Bloch<\/a> iniciou sua pesquisa sobre o magnetismo do Neutron e na Resson\u00e2ncia Magn\u00e9tica Nuclear, seu trabalho resultou no Pr\u00eamio Nobel de F\u00edsica em 1952.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Dando continuidade ao trabalho de Bloch, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Ernst\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richard Ernest<\/a> utilizou em 1962 as caracter\u00edsticas magn\u00e9ticas de Pr\u00f3tons e Neutrons para identificar subst\u00e2ncias. Isto resultou na Espectroscopia Nuclear Magn\u00e9tica, na Imagem por Resson\u00e2ncia Magn\u00e9tica e no Nobel de Qu\u00edmica de 1991.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Paralelamente, a partir de 1960, o magnetismo produziu talvez a maior revolu\u00e7\u00e3o na hist\u00f3ria da tecnologia com o armazenamento de informa\u00e7\u00f5es em meios magn\u00e9ticos e aplica\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00e9dicas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por\u00e9m, a ci\u00eancia n\u00e3o para.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1988, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Fert\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Albert Fert<\/a> descobriu o fen\u00f4meno Magnetorresist\u00eancia Gigante, que resultou no Nobel de F\u00edsica de 2007. Este fen\u00f4meno resulta da proximidade f\u00edsica de materiais ferromagn\u00e9ticos com antiferromagn\u00e9ticos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este panorama hist\u00f3rico resumido possivelmente omitiu importantes contribui\u00e7\u00f5es, mas fornece uma vis\u00e3o geral da fascinante hist\u00f3ria dos Materiais Magneticos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\">\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7929\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7929\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7929\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Data-center-Facebook.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Data-center-Facebook.jpg 1440w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Data-center-Facebook-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Data-center-Facebook-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Data-center-Facebook-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Data-center-Facebook-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7929\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 1. Servidores de armazenamento de digital<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\">\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7933\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7933\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7933\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/rm.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"537\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/rm.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/rm-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/rm-768x515.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/rm-1024x687.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/rm-1200x805.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7933\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 2. Equipamento de Resson\u00e2ncia Magn\u00e9tica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h2 id='materiais-magn\u00e9ticos'  id=\"boomdevs_2\">Materiais Magn\u00e9ticos<\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os materiais magn\u00e9ticos possuem caracter\u00edsticas macrosc\u00f3picas que permitem diferenci\u00e1-los. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 3, apresentada no <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/classificacao-dos-materiais\/\">Cap\u00edtulo Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos Materiais<\/a>, mostra os materiais magn\u00e9ticos se dividem em <strong>Diamagn\u00e9ticos e Paramagn\u00e9ticos<\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_23331\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23331\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/materiais_magne\u0301ticos_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23331 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/materiais_magne\u0301ticos_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/materiais_magne\u0301ticos_1.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/materiais_magne\u0301ticos_1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/materiais_magne\u0301ticos_1-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23331\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 3. Materiais Magn\u00e9ticos<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os <strong>Diamagn\u00e9ticos<\/strong> se dividem em <strong>Supercondutores<\/strong> ou <strong>N\u00e3o Supercondutores<\/strong>. Na verdade, Supercondutores se encaixam na categoria de materiais condutores, mas, em decorr\u00eancia da supercondutividade, apresentam o efeito de Diamagnetismo mais elevado observado at\u00e9 hoje.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/videos\/maglev-cobra-ufrj-o-trem-de-levitacao-supercondutores\/\">v\u00eddeo<\/a> mostra este efeito numa aplica\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica desenvolvida. <span id='easy-footnote-8-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-2389\" title=\"Este projeto se encontra em desenvolvimento na UFRJ pelo prof. Richard Stefan e grande equipe \"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por sua vez, os <strong>Paramagn\u00e9ticos<\/strong> se subdividem em <strong>Ferromagn\u00e9ticos, Ferrimagn\u00e9ticos e Antiferromagn\u00e9ticos<\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/periodictable.com\/Properties\/A\/MagneticType.st.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tabela Peri\u00f3dica<\/a> Magn\u00e9tica apresenta a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o magn\u00e9tica dos elementos e suas propriedades magn\u00e9ticas e el\u00e9tricas. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Esta Tabela complementa a <\/span><a style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\" href=\"https:\/\/ptable.com\/#Propriedades\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tabela<\/a><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> utilizada inicialmente neste curso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 40px; letter-spacing: -0.0415625em;\">Materiais Diamagn\u00e9ticos<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Materiais Diamagn\u00e9ticos<\/strong> possuem susceptibilidade magn\u00e9tica negativa que independe da temperatura. <span id='easy-footnote-9-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-9-2389\" title=\" Isto n\u00e3o se aplica aos Supercondutores porque seu Diamagnetismo ocorre apenas em baixas temperaturas. \"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Isto significa que campos magn\u00e9ticos produzem uma for\u00e7a de repuls\u00e3o nesses materiais.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os Gases Nobres, os n\u00e3o-metais, exceto o Oxig\u00eanio, e os metais da coluna 11 em diante da <a href=\"https:\/\/periodictable.com\/Properties\/A\/MagneticType.st.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tabela Peri\u00f3dica<\/a>, exceto o Alum\u00ednio, possuem propriedades Diamagn\u00e9ticas. A maioria dos materiais Diamagn\u00e9ticos possui valores muito pequenos de susceptibilidade magn\u00e9tica, o que dificulta a medi\u00e7\u00e3o, mas existem exce\u00e7\u00f5es tais como: Antim\u00f4nio, Bismuto, Galio, Grafite<span id='easy-footnote-10-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-10-2389\" title=\" A Grafite apresenta o maior valor de susceptibilidade magn\u00e9tica dentre os materiais diamagn\u00e9ticos, excluindo os supercondutores\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/span> e T\u00e1lio.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<h5 id='diamagnetismo-da-\u00e1gua'  id=\"boomdevs_3\">Diamagnetismo da \u00c1gua<\/h5>\r\n<p>[wpdevart_youtube width=&#8221;640&#8243; height=&#8221;385&#8243; autoplay=&#8221;0&#8243; theme=&#8221;dark&#8221; loop_video=&#8221;0&#8243; enable_fullscreen=&#8221;1&#8243; show_related=&#8221;1&#8243; show_popup=&#8221;0&#8243; thumb_popup_width=&#8221;213&#8243; thumb_popup_height=&#8221;128&#8243; show_title=&#8221;1&#8243; show_youtube_icon=&#8221;1&#8243; show_annotations=&#8221;1&#8243; show_progress_bar_color=&#8221;white&#8221; autohide_parameters=&#8221;1&#8243; set_initial_volume=&#8221;true&#8221; initial_volume=&#8221;72&#8243; disable_keyboard=&#8221;1&#8243;]38C0XHTscFs[\/wpdevart_youtube]<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por que a \u00e1gua \u00e9 diamagn\u00e9tica, se<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Tabela Peri\u00f3dica Magn\u00e9tica mostra o Hidrog\u00eanio como diamagn\u00e9tico e o Oxig\u00eanio como paramagn\u00e9tico?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>[wpdevart_youtube width=&#8221;640&#8243; height=&#8221;385&#8243; autoplay=&#8221;0&#8243; theme=&#8221;dark&#8221; loop_video=&#8221;0&#8243; enable_fullscreen=&#8221;1&#8243; show_related=&#8221;1&#8243; show_popup=&#8221;0&#8243; thumb_popup_width=&#8221;213&#8243; thumb_popup_height=&#8221;128&#8243; show_title=&#8221;1&#8243; show_youtube_icon=&#8221;1&#8243; show_annotations=&#8221;1&#8243; show_progress_bar_color=&#8221;white&#8221; autohide_parameters=&#8221;1&#8243; set_initial_volume=&#8221;true&#8221; initial_volume=&#8221;72&#8243; disable_keyboard=&#8221;1&#8243;]VC3r9-OaWes[\/wpdevart_youtube]<\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<h3 id='materiais-paramagn\u00e9ticos'  id=\"boomdevs_4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Materiais Paramagn\u00e9ticos<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Materiais Paramagn\u00e9ticos<\/strong> possuem susceptibilidade positiva, mas tamb\u00e9m com valores pequenos. A maioria dos gases da Tabela Peri\u00f3dica, os metais alcalinos e os Ferromagn\u00e9ticos, quando submetidos a temperaturas superiores \u00e0 Temperatura de Curie, possuem comportamento paramagn\u00e9tico. Al\u00e9m disso, v\u00e1rios sais de metais de transi\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m apresentam propriedades paramagn\u00e9ticas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>[wpdevart_youtube width=&#8221;640&#8243; height=&#8221;385&#8243; autoplay=&#8221;0&#8243; theme=&#8221;dark&#8221; loop_video=&#8221;0&#8243; enable_fullscreen=&#8221;1&#8243; show_related=&#8221;1&#8243; show_popup=&#8221;0&#8243; thumb_popup_width=&#8221;213&#8243; thumb_popup_height=&#8221;128&#8243; show_title=&#8221;1&#8243; show_youtube_icon=&#8221;1&#8243; show_annotations=&#8221;1&#8243; show_progress_bar_color=&#8221;white&#8221; autohide_parameters=&#8221;1&#8243; set_initial_volume=&#8221;true&#8221; initial_volume=&#8221;72&#8243; disable_keyboard=&#8221;1&#8243;]jaQn77OuxPc[\/wpdevart_youtube]<\/p>\r\n<h4 id='materiais-ferromagn\u00e9ticos'  id=\"boomdevs_5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Materiais Ferromagn\u00e9ticos<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Do ponto de vista da engenharia el\u00e9trica e de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o na pr\u00e1tica, os materiais <strong>Ferromagn\u00e9ticos<\/strong> ocupam a primeira posi\u00e7\u00e3o. Eles possuem elevada permeabilidade magn\u00e9tica, o que permite construir equipamentos com elevadas densidades de energia. Por isso, esses materiais dominam a constru\u00e7\u00e3o de m\u00e1quinas el\u00e9tricas <span id='easy-footnote-11-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-11-2389\" title=\" transformadores, motores e geradores\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span>. Adicionalmente, eles possuem a propriedade de manter a magnetiza\u00e7\u00e3o, mesmo ap\u00f3s a interrup\u00e7\u00e3o da indu\u00e7\u00e3o magn\u00e9tica, o que permite a constru\u00e7\u00e3o de im\u00e3s permanentes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Apesar de sua enorme import\u00e2ncia, apenas <strong>Ferro, Cobalto, N\u00edquel e Gadol\u00ednio<\/strong><span id='easy-footnote-12-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-12-2389\" title=\" o Gadol\u00ednio possui propriedades ferromagn\u00e9ticas apenas em temperaturas inferiores a 20\u00b0C\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/span> s\u00e3o elementos Ferromagn\u00e9ticos na <a href=\"https:\/\/periodictable.com\/Properties\/A\/MagneticType.st.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tabela Peri\u00f3dica<\/a> e muitas de suas ligas tamb\u00e9m possuem as propriedades ferromagn\u00e9ticas. Al\u00e9m disso, algumas ligas de Mangan\u00eas com Cobre e Alum\u00ednio apresentam caracter\u00edsticas ferromagn\u00e9ticas apesar dos elementos individualmente n\u00e3o serem ferromagn\u00e9ticos. Finalmente, as Terras Raras <strong>\u00c9rbio, Dispr\u00f3sio e Gadol\u00ednio<\/strong> <span id='easy-footnote-13-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-13-2389\" title=\" observem que existe uma diverg\u00eancia entre a Tabela Peri\u00f3dica e o livro de Wohlfarth\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/span> e diversas de suas ligas tamb\u00e9m possuem propriedades ferromagn\u00e9ticas. <span id='easy-footnote-14-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-14-2389\" title=\" WOHLFARTH p.18 \"><sup>14<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 4 mostra a permeabilidade t\u00edpica dos diversos tipos de materiais magn\u00e9ticos. Observa-se que os Ferromagn\u00e9ticos apresentam os maiores valores, mas a permeabilidade n\u00e3o \u00e9 linear.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contudo, a temperatura possui enorme influ\u00eancia na susceptibilidade magn\u00e9tica desses materiais, e materiais Ferromagn\u00e9ticos se transformam em Paramagn\u00e9ticos quando a temperatura atinge determinado valor, denominado de <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curie_temperature\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Temperatura de Curie<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7956\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7956\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Permeability_by_Zureks.svg_.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7956\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Permeability_by_Zureks.svg_.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"617\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Permeability_by_Zureks.svg_.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Permeability_by_Zureks.svg_-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Permeability_by_Zureks.svg_-768x592.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Permeability_by_Zureks.svg_-1024x790.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Permeability_by_Zureks.svg_-1200x926.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7956\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 4. Permeabilidade magn\u00e9tica dos materiais. Fonte: Zurek<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<h5 id='ferromagnetismo'  id=\"boomdevs_6\">Ferromagnetismo<\/h5>\r\n<p>[wpdevart_youtube width=&#8221;640&#8243; height=&#8221;385&#8243; autoplay=&#8221;0&#8243; theme=&#8221;dark&#8221; loop_video=&#8221;0&#8243; enable_fullscreen=&#8221;1&#8243; show_related=&#8221;1&#8243; show_popup=&#8221;0&#8243; thumb_popup_width=&#8221;213&#8243; thumb_popup_height=&#8221;128&#8243; show_title=&#8221;1&#8243; show_youtube_icon=&#8221;1&#8243; show_annotations=&#8221;1&#8243; show_progress_bar_color=&#8221;white&#8221; autohide_parameters=&#8221;1&#8243; set_initial_volume=&#8221;true&#8221; initial_volume=&#8221;72&#8243; disable_keyboard=&#8221;1&#8243;]6wEWbX_FruY[\/wpdevart_youtube]<\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<h5 id='exerc\u00edcio'  id=\"boomdevs_7\">Exerc\u00edcio<\/h5>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Compare os exemplos de materiais diamagn\u00e9ticos e paramagn\u00e9ticos apresentados no v\u00eddeo abaixo com a <a href=\"https:\/\/periodictable.com\/Properties\/A\/MagneticType.st.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tabela Peri\u00f3dica<\/a> Magn\u00e9tica e apresente as discrep\u00e2ncias entre eles.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>[wpdevart_youtube width=&#8221;640&#8243; height=&#8221;385&#8243; autoplay=&#8221;0&#8243; theme=&#8221;dark&#8221; loop_video=&#8221;0&#8243; enable_fullscreen=&#8221;1&#8243; show_related=&#8221;1&#8243; show_popup=&#8221;0&#8243; thumb_popup_width=&#8221;213&#8243; thumb_popup_height=&#8221;128&#8243; show_title=&#8221;1&#8243; show_youtube_icon=&#8221;1&#8243; show_annotations=&#8221;1&#8243; show_progress_bar_color=&#8221;white&#8221; autohide_parameters=&#8221;1&#8243; set_initial_volume=&#8221;true&#8221; initial_volume=&#8221;72&#8243; disable_keyboard=&#8221;1&#8243;]u36QpPvEh2c[\/wpdevart_youtube]<\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<h3 id='materiais-antiferromagn\u00e9ticos'  id=\"boomdevs_8\">Materiais Antiferromagn\u00e9ticos<\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os Materiais Antiferromagn\u00e9ticos constituem outra possibilidade de arruma\u00e7\u00e3o dos dom\u00ednios magn\u00e9ticos dos materiais. Na pr\u00e1tica, isto significa que a susceptibilidade magn\u00e9tica desses materiais aumenta com a temperatura, atinge um valor m\u00e1ximo na <strong>Temperatura de N\u00e9el <\/strong><span id='easy-footnote-15-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-15-2389\" title=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_N%C3%A9el&quot;&gt;Louis N\u00e9el&lt;\/a&gt; descobriu o Antiferromagnestimo em 1930, o Ferrimagnetismo em 1948 e ganhou do Pr\u00e9mio Nobel de F\u00edsica de 1970\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/span> e passa a decrescer com a temperatura a partir desta temperatura.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Hematita (Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>), Cromo, Ligas de Ferro Mangan\u00eas e \u00f3xidos de N\u00edquel pertencem a este grupo de materiais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em seu discurso ao receber o Pr\u00e9mio Nobel em 1970, Louis N\u00e9el afirmou: &#8220;existem in\u00fameros materiais antiferromagn\u00e9ticos, interessantes do ponto de vista te\u00f3rico, mas n\u00e3o vejo muitas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es pr\u00e1ticas&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Adicionalmente, esses materiais desempenham um papel fundamental na <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_magnetoresistance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Magnetoresist\u00eancia Gigante<\/a>, descoberta em 1988 pelos ganhadores do pr\u00eamio Nobel de F\u00edsica de 2007 Albert Fert e Peter Gr\u00fcnberg.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V\u00e1lvulas de Spin (Spin Valves) constituem uma aplica\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica desses materiais e resultaram em sensores magn\u00e9ticos e cabe\u00e7as de leitura de discos magn\u00e9ticos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Isto exemplifica muito bem a fascinante evolu\u00e7\u00e3o da ci\u00eancia dos materiais. A F\u00edsica identifica novas propriedades, mas cabe aos engenheiros utiliz\u00e1-las em aplica\u00e7\u00f5es pr\u00e1ticas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 id='materiais-ferrimagn\u00e9ticos'  id=\"boomdevs_9\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Materiais Ferrimagn\u00e9ticos<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_N%C3%A9el\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Louis N\u00e9el<\/a> tamb\u00e9m descobriu os Materiais Ferrimagn\u00e9ticos que possuem dom\u00ednios magn\u00e9ticos alinhados, assim como nos Materiais Antiferromagn\u00e9ticos. Por\u00e9m, eles n\u00e3o se cancelam totalmente, resultando num magnetismo residual. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os Materiais Ferrimagn\u00e9ticos possuem caracter\u00edsticas muito semelhantes aos Ferromagn\u00e9ticos, mas as curvas de magnetiza\u00e7\u00e3o apresentam diferen\u00e7as.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m disso, os Ferromagn\u00e9ticos normalmente s\u00e3o bons condutores de eletricidade, enquanto os Ferrimagn\u00e9ticos s\u00e3o isolantes. Esta diferen\u00e7a acarreta in\u00fameras novas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es pr\u00e1ticas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As Ferrites constituem os exemplos pr\u00e1ticos de materiais Ferrimagn\u00e9ticos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Yogoro Kato e Takeshi Takei fundaram a TDK Corporation em 1935 para fabricar Ferrites. Esta empresa ficou mundialmente conhecida por suas fitas cassete.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">De uma maneira geral, as Ferrites s\u00e3o materiais cer\u00e2micos obtidos a partir da mistura de \u00f3xido de ferro (Fe2O3 &#8211; Ferrugem) com pequenas quantidades de outros metais; B\u00e1rio, Mangan\u00eas, N\u00edquel e Zinco.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Cart\u00f5es com banda magn\u00e9tica, fitas cassete e im\u00e3s de alto-falantes utilizam o composto BaFe<sub>12<\/sub>O<sub>19, <\/sub>conhecido como Ferrite de B\u00e1rio. Ele se caracteriza pelas caracter\u00edsticas magn\u00e9ticas, resist\u00eancia a mudan\u00e7as de temperatura, corros\u00e3o e oxida\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 id='refer\u00eancias'  id=\"boomdevs_10\">Refer\u00eancias<\/h2>\r\n<p><!-- \/wp:post-content -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Ishikawa, Y.; Miura, N.(Eds.) et al. <strong>Physics and Engineering Applications of Magnetism.<\/strong> Springer. 1991.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">BLUNDELL, S. <strong>Magnetism in Condensed Matter.<\/strong>\u00a0Oxford, 2001.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">BLUNDELL, S. <strong>Magnetism: A Very Short Introduction.<\/strong> Oxford. 2012. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span id='easy-footnote-16-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-16-2389\" title=\" Kindle \"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">COEY, J.M. <strong>Magnetism and Magnetic Materials.<\/strong> Cambridge. 2009. <span id='easy-footnote-17-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-17-2389\" title=\" Kindle \"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">CULLITY, B.D., GRAHAM, C.D. <strong>Introduction to Magnetic Materials.<\/strong> 2. Ed. Wiley; IEEE. 2009. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span id='easy-footnote-18-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-18-2389\" title=\" Kindle \"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">CRANGLE, J. C. <strong>Solid State Magnetism.<\/strong> Nostrand. Nova Iorque. 1991.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">FURLANI, E. P. <strong>Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices<\/strong>. Academic Press. 2001<span id='easy-footnote-19-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-19-2389\" title=\"scribd\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">HECK, C. <strong>Magnetic Materials and their Applications.<\/strong> Butterworth. 1974 <span id='easy-footnote-20-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-20-2389\" title=\" Scribd \"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">JILES, D. <strong>Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials.<\/strong> Chapman. 1991.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">NOTAROS, B.M. <strong>Eletromagnetismo.<\/strong> Pearson. 2012. <span id='easy-footnote-21-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-21-2389\" title=\" Kindle \"><sup>21<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">SPALDIN, N. A. <strong>Magnetic Materials: <em>fundamentals and applications.<\/em><\/strong> 2. ed. Cambridge. 2011. <span id='easy-footnote-22-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-22-2389\" title=\" Kindle \"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">TUMANSKI, S. <strong>Handbook of Magnetic Measurements.<\/strong> CRC. 2011. <span id='easy-footnote-23-2389' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-magneticas\/#easy-footnote-bottom-23-2389\" title=\" Kindle \"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">WOHLFARTH, E.P. <strong>Handbook of Magnetic Materials.<\/strong> vol. 1. North-Holland. 1980.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<hr \/><!-- wp:core-embed\/youtube {\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/4UFKl9fULkA\",\"type\":\"video\",\"providerNameSlug\":\"youtube\",\"align\":\"center\",\"className\":\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"} -->\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">[wpdevart_youtube width=&#8221;640&#8243; height=&#8221;385&#8243; autoplay=&#8221;0&#8243; theme=&#8221;dark&#8221; loop_video=&#8221;0&#8243; enable_fullscreen=&#8221;1&#8243; show_related=&#8221;1&#8243; show_popup=&#8221;0&#8243; thumb_popup_width=&#8221;213&#8243; thumb_popup_height=&#8221;128&#8243; show_title=&#8221;1&#8243; show_youtube_icon=&#8221;1&#8243; show_annotations=&#8221;1&#8243; show_progress_bar_color=&#8221;white&#8221; autohide_parameters=&#8221;1&#8243; set_initial_volume=&#8221;true&#8221; initial_volume=&#8221;72&#8243; disable_keyboard=&#8221;1&#8243;]4UFKl9fULkA[\/wpdevart_youtube]<\/div>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<!-- \/wp:core-embed\/youtube -->\r\n<p><iframe src=\"\/\/players.brightcove.net\/979328832001\/NJgjituzjl_default\/index.html?videoId=5134068689001\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; O magnetismo surpreende e encanta o mundo desde a antiguidade. Eg\u00edpcios, Chineses, e Gregos conheceram o magnetismo centenas de anos antes de cristo, a teoria do eletromagnetismo surgiu no final do s\u00e9culo 19, mas a teoria dos materiais magn\u00e9ticos surgiu apenas ap\u00f3s 1930 com a Mec\u00e2nica Qu\u00e2ntica. A Tabela abaixo mostra a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":41816,"parent":1134,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2389","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/m_magneticos_3.jpg",1200,280,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/m_magneticos_3-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/m_magneticos_3-300x70.jpg",300,70,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/m_magneticos_3-768x179.jpg",580,135,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/m_magneticos_3-1024x239.jpg",580,135,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/m_magneticos_3.jpg",1200,280,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/m_magneticos_3.jpg",1200,280,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/m_magneticos_3.jpg",1200,280,false],"twentytwenty-fullscreen":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/m_magneticos_3.jpg",1200,280,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/author\/admin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"&nbsp; O magnetismo surpreende e encanta o mundo desde a antiguidade. Eg\u00edpcios, Chineses, e Gregos conheceram o magnetismo centenas de anos antes de cristo, a teoria do eletromagnetismo surgiu no final do s\u00e9culo 19, mas a teoria dos materiais magn\u00e9ticos surgiu apenas ap\u00f3s 1930 com a Mec\u00e2nica Qu\u00e2ntica. A Tabela abaixo mostra a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2389"}],"version-history":[{"count":155,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2389\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":41817,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2389\/revisions\/41817"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1134"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41816"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}