{"id":2661,"date":"2015-03-12T09:45:13","date_gmt":"2015-03-12T12:45:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/?p=2661"},"modified":"2023-08-27T09:43:18","modified_gmt":"2023-08-27T12:43:18","slug":"medidas-de-competicao-de-mercado","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/medidas-de-competicao-de-mercado\/","title":{"rendered":"Competi\u00e7\u00e3o de Mercado"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><em><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">&#8220;Competi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a melhor motiva\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221;<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/quotes\/cordae_1137747\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Cordae<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A competi\u00e7\u00e3o de mercado representa o fator determinante do pre\u00e7o das mercadorias e, em particular, das fontes de energia e da pr\u00f3pria eletricidade. Os casos extremos de competi\u00e7\u00e3o perfeita e monop\u00f3lios se encontram bem documentados na literatura. Contudo, na pr\u00e1tica, os mercados funcionam com n\u00edveis de competi\u00e7\u00e3o intermedi\u00e1rios e ferramentas para a aferi\u00e7\u00e3o da competi\u00e7\u00e3o se tornam necess\u00e1rias.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como avaliar a competi\u00e7\u00e3o nos mercados?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como saber quem tem mais for\u00e7a; vendedores ou compradores?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">De acordo com McConnell &amp; Brue <span id='easy-footnote-1-2661' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/medidas-de-competicao-de-mercado\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-2661\" title=\" McCONNEL, C., BRUE, S.L., &lt;strong&gt;Economics &amp;#8211; Principles, Problems and Policies&lt;\/strong&gt;, 16 edi\u00e7\u00e3o, McGraw-Hill, 2005. \"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span> existem dois \u00edndices para medir o grau de concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de um mercado com rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos seus agentes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O \u00cdndice de Concentra\u00e7\u00e3o;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O \u00cdndice de Herfindahl-Hirschman.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id='\u00edndice-de-concentra\u00e7\u00e3o'  id=\"boomdevs_1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00cdndice de Concentra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O \u00cdndice de Concentra\u00e7\u00e3o considera o percentual do mercado total dominado pelos quatro maiores agentes. Se este \u00edndice for maior do que 40% este mercado \u00e9 considerado um oligop\u00f3lio ou um oligops\u00f4nio.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este \u00edndice fornece informa\u00e7\u00e3o relevante sobre o grau de competi\u00e7\u00e3o do mercado, mas n\u00e3o diferencia certas situa\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por exemplo, no caso de um monop\u00f3lio puro, o mercado possui apenas um agente com 100% do mercado, resultando num \u00edndice de concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de 100%. Por outro lado, no caso de um oligop\u00f3lio com apenas 4 agentes, o \u00edndice de concentra\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m ser\u00e1 de 100%.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='\u00edndice-de-herfindahl-hirschman'  id=\"boomdevs_2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00cdndice de Herfindahl-Hirschman<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O <strong>\u00edndice de Herfindahl-Hirschman &#8211; H-<\/strong> procura refinar esta an\u00e1lise utilizando a equa\u00e7\u00e3o abaixo.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2667\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2667\" style=\"width: 143px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/herfindall_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/herfindall_1.png\" alt=\"\u00cdndice de Herfindahl -Hirschman\" width=\"143\" height=\"90\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2667\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00cdndice de Herfindahl-Hirschman<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">s<sub>i<\/sub> representa a participa\u00e7\u00e3o de mercado do agente i [%];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">N \u00e9 o n\u00famero de agentes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este \u00edndice fornece valores entre 0 e 10 000, sendo zero para o mercado com competi\u00e7\u00e3o perfeita e 10 000 para o monop\u00f3lio.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O problema da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o deste \u00edndice reside na amplitude de valores que ele pode assumir, o que dificulta a an\u00e1lise.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='\u00edndice-de-herfindahl-hirschman-modificado'  id=\"boomdevs_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00cdndice de Herfindahl-Hirschman Modificado<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O \u00cdndice de Herfindahl-Hirschman Modificado &#8211; H<sub>m<\/sub> &#8211; permite manter este \u00edndice entre 0 e 1, sendo 1 para monop\u00f3lio e zero para a competi\u00e7\u00e3o perfeita, e \u00e9 definido da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2672\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2672\" style=\"width: 180px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/herfindall_m.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2672\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/herfindall_m-300x150.png\" alt=\"\u00cdndice de Herfindahl- Hirschman Modificado\" width=\"180\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/herfindall_m-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/herfindall_m.png 392w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 180px) 100vw, 180px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2672\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00cdndice de Herfindahl- Hirschman Modificado<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">s<sub>i<\/sub> represent a participa\u00e7\u00e3o de mercado do agente i [%];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">N \u00e9 o n\u00famero de agentes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No c\u00e1lculo deste \u00edndice se torna-se desnecess\u00e1rio conhecer todos os agentes do mercado porque o erro de truncamento da s\u00e9rie ser\u00e1 inferior ao seu menor valor. Isto significa que, se considerarmos todos os agentes com participa\u00e7\u00e3o superior a 5%, estaremos cometendo um erro desta ordem de grandeza.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id='exemplo'  id=\"boomdevs_4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Exemplo<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Considere um mercado com 5 empresas com participa\u00e7\u00f5es de 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 5%,10% e 10%.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Qual o \u00edndice de concentra\u00e7\u00e3o?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Qual o \u00edndice de Herfindahl?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Qual o \u00edndice de Herfindahl modificado?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Qual o \u00edndice de Herfindahl modificado se desprezarmos as empresas com 5% de participa\u00e7\u00e3o?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 id='solu\u00e7\u00e3o'  id=\"boomdevs_5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O \u00edndice de concentra\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 40+20+10+10= <strong>80%<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O <strong>\u00edndice H<\/strong> \u00e9 40<sup>2<\/sup>+20<sup>2<\/sup>+10<sup>2<\/sup>+5<sup>2<\/sup>+5<sup>2<\/sup>+10<sup>2<\/sup>+10<sup>2<\/sup>= <strong>2.350<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O somat\u00f3rio quadr\u00e1tico 0,4<sup>2<\/sup>+0,2<sup>2<\/sup>+0,1<sup>2<\/sup>+0,05<sup>2<\/sup>+0,05<sup>2<\/sup>+0,1<sup>2<\/sup>+0,1<sup>2<\/sup>= 0,2304 e <strong><strong>H<sub>m<\/sub>= 48%<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O somat\u00f3rio quadr\u00e1tico 0,4<sup>2<\/sup>+0,2<sup>2<\/sup>+0,1<sup>2<\/sup>+0,1<sup>2<\/sup>+0,1<sup>2<\/sup>=0,23 e <strong>H<sub>m<\/sub>=47,9583%.\u00a0<\/strong>Este resultado equivale ao resultado anterior.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"ms-editor-squiggler\" style=\"color: initial; 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Os casos extremos de competi\u00e7\u00e3o perfeita e monop\u00f3lios se encontram bem documentados na literatura. Contudo, na pr\u00e1tica, os mercados funcionam com n\u00edveis de competi\u00e7\u00e3o intermedi\u00e1rios e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10364,"parent":0,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2661","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/competicao.png",1200,280,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/competicao-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/competicao-300x70.png",300,70,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/competicao-768x179.png",580,135,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/competicao-1024x239.png",580,135,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/competicao.png",1200,280,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/competicao.png",1200,280,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/competicao.png",1200,280,false],"twentytwenty-fullscreen":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/competicao.png",1200,280,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/author\/admin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"&#8220;Competi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a melhor motiva\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221; Cordae A competi\u00e7\u00e3o de mercado representa o fator determinante do pre\u00e7o das mercadorias e, em particular, das fontes de energia e da pr\u00f3pria eletricidade. Os casos extremos de competi\u00e7\u00e3o perfeita e monop\u00f3lios se encontram bem documentados na literatura. Contudo, na pr\u00e1tica, os mercados funcionam com n\u00edveis de competi\u00e7\u00e3o intermedi\u00e1rios e&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2661","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2661"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2661\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44623,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2661\/revisions\/44623"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2661"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}