{"id":4061,"date":"2015-08-21T15:01:37","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T18:01:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/?page_id=4061"},"modified":"2023-04-25T18:40:25","modified_gmt":"2023-04-25T21:40:25","slug":"geracao-termica","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/","title":{"rendered":"Termel\u00e9tricas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">&#8220;Obviamente, \u00e9 complicado converter a celulose em biocombust\u00edvel. Acho que a forma mais eficiente de usar a celulose seria queim\u00e1-la em uma usina de cogera\u00e7\u00e3o. Isso produzir\u00e1 mais energia e pode ser feito hoje.&#8221;<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a class=\"qa_567312 oncl_a\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/authors\/elon-musk-quotes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elon Musk<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A gera\u00e7\u00e3o termel\u00e9trica responde por cerca 81% da energia el\u00e9trica gerada no mundo, sendo 65% a partir de combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis e 14<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">% a partir de usinas nucleares, conforme mostra a Figura 1. Estes gr\u00e1ficos consideram a gera\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica gerada a partir das seguintes fontes de energia: Carv\u00e3o, Derivados de Petr\u00f3leo, G\u00e1s Natural, Lixo, Nuclear, Geot\u00e9rmica e Termo Solar. Deve-se ressaltar que parcela crescente de fontes renov\u00e1veis se encontra em uso nas t\u00e9rmicas. Por tanto, a tecnologia das termel\u00e9tricas, por si s\u00f3, n\u00e3o causa o aquecimento global, o tipo de combust\u00edvel sim.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Do ponto de vista de tecnologia de gera\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica, as turbinas a vapor ainda dominam o mercado com 54% da energia gerada no planeta, apesar de serem menos eficientes que os motores de combust\u00e3o interna e as turbinas a g\u00e1s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"75\"\n     style=\"height: 800px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 200px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div 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Gera\u00e7\u00e3o T\u00e9rmica no Mundo<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m disso,<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> apesar desta gera\u00e7\u00e3o representar menos de 14% da gera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia el\u00e9trica m\u00e9dia no Brasil nos \u00faltimos 20 anos, sua participa\u00e7\u00e3o dever\u00e1 aumentar conforme diversos estudos de planejamento do <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ons.org.br\" target=\"principal\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ONS<\/a>\u00a0e do\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mme.gov.br\" target=\"principal\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MME<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Observa-se a partir da Figura 2, que a gera\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica total se manteve abaixo de 10%, mas a partir de 2012 saltou para 20% em decorr\u00eancia de per\u00edodos mais secos. Este tipo de oscila\u00e7\u00e3o tende a crescer no Brasil devido \u00e0 volatidade das fontes renov\u00e1veis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Observa-se que em 2001, quando ocorreu o Racionamento de Energia El\u00e9trica no pa\u00eds, a gera\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica total ficou limitada a 10% da energia total gerada porque n\u00e3o existiam mais t\u00e9rmicas dispon\u00edveis. Contudo, em 2015, a gera\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica atingiu o pico de 27% da energia total e salvou o sistema el\u00e9trico de outro racionamento porque criou-se um programa de t\u00e9rmicas flex\u00edveis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"76\"\n     style=\"height: 800px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 200px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div 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follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 139,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_76\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Figura 2. Gera\u00e7\u00e3o Termel\u00e9trica no Brasil<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='gera\u00e7\u00e3o-t\u00e9rmica'  id=\"boomdevs_1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Gera\u00e7\u00e3o T\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A gera\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica converte energia qu\u00edmica ou nuclear dos combust\u00edveis em energia el\u00e9trica. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Conforme mostra a Figura 3, isto ocorre atrav\u00e9s de tr\u00eas processos distintos:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A energia qu\u00edmica do combust\u00edvel se transforma em calor atrav\u00e9s da queima do combust\u00edvel ou a energia at\u00f4mica do combust\u00edvel se transforma em calor atrav\u00e9s da fiss\u00e3o nuclear;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O calor produzido se converte em trabalho mec\u00e2nico atrav\u00e9s de uma m\u00e1quina t\u00e9rmica;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O trabalho mec\u00e2nico, produzido pela m\u00e1quina t\u00e9rmica, se transforma em energia el\u00e9trica atrav\u00e9s do gerador el\u00e9trico.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure style=\"width: 712px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/rendimento.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"712\" height=\"273\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 3. Processos da Gera\u00e7\u00e3o T\u00e9rmica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O primeiro processo consiste na combust\u00e3o ou fiss\u00e3o do combust\u00edvel escolhido. <span id='easy-footnote-1-4061' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-4061\" title=\" As disciplinas de qu\u00edmica do ciclo b\u00e1sico apresentaram os princ\u00edpios de combust\u00e3o e combust\u00edveis e a F\u00edsica IV a introdu\u00e7\u00e3o da F\u00edsica At\u00f4mica e Nuclear. \"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Neste processo, as caldeiras e os reatores nucleares constituem os principais equipamentos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No segundo processo, as m\u00e1quinas t\u00e9rmicas convertem a energia t\u00e9rmica em mec\u00e2nica baseadas na Teoria Termodin\u00e2mica. <span id='easy-footnote-2-4061' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-4061\" title=\" A disciplina Fen\u00f4menos de Transporte do Ciclo B\u00e1sico e a disciplina M\u00e1quinas T\u00e9rmicas e Hidr\u00e1ulicas do ciclo profissional fornecem a base para o estudo desse processo\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Existem tr\u00eas tipos b\u00e1sicos de m\u00e1quinas t\u00e9rmicas utilizadas atualmente na gera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia: as Turbina a Vapor, as Turbinas a G\u00e1s e os Motores de Combust\u00e3o Interna. Com exce\u00e7\u00e3o da Turbina a Vapor, as outras m\u00e1quinas t\u00e9rmicas realizam a primeira fase concomitantemente com a segunda.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Finalmente, no terceiro processo, m\u00e1quinas el\u00e9tricas convertem a energia mec\u00e2nica em energia el\u00e9trica baseadas no Eletromagnetismo. <span id='easy-footnote-3-4061' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-4061\" title=\" as disciplinas de Convers\u00e3o Eletromec\u00e2nica de Energia e M\u00e1quinas El\u00e9tricas, todas do ciclo profissional, fornecem conhecimentos b\u00e1sicos para o estudo desse processo\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span> A m\u00e1quina s\u00edncrona \u00e9 a mais utilizada, e praticamente a \u00fanica, na gera\u00e7\u00e3o termel\u00e9trica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">usina t\u00e9rmica consiste num sistema complexo, conforme mostra a Figura 4, que se encontra subdividido em subsistemas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O <strong>Subsistema de Convers\u00e3o de Energia<\/strong> consiste no n\u00facleo principal e inclui os equipamentos dos tr\u00eas processos mencionados na Figura 3. O Cap\u00edtulo de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/maquinas-termicas\/\">M\u00e1quinas T\u00e9rmicas<\/a> abordar\u00e1 os detalhes deste sistema.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26743\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26743\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Te\u0301rmicas3_2.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26743\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Te\u0301rmicas3_2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Te\u0301rmicas3_2.png 2668w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Te\u0301rmicas3_2-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Te\u0301rmicas3_2-1024x819.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Te\u0301rmicas3_2-768x614.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Te\u0301rmicas3_2-1536x1229.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Te\u0301rmicas3_2-2048x1638.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Te\u0301rmicas3_2-1200x960.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Te\u0301rmicas3_2-1980x1584.png 1980w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26743\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 4. Sistemas das Termel\u00e9tricas<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em seguida, o <strong>Subsistema de Combust\u00edvel<\/strong> compreende todos os equipamentos de recep\u00e7\u00e3o, armazenamento e tratamento do combust\u00edvel para a usina. O combust\u00edvel das termel\u00e9tricas representa o item de maior valor nas despesas de O&amp;M<span id='easy-footnote-4-4061' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-4061\" title=\" Opera\u00e7\u00e3o e Manuten\u00e7\u00e3o\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span>. Por isso, a recep\u00e7\u00e3o do combust\u00edvel na usina requer um rigoroso controle de qualidade e quantidade. Fraudes no com\u00e9rcio de combust\u00edveis ocorrem no mundo inteiro, e as usinas devem se proteger. Al\u00e9m disso, combust\u00edveis possuem, de uma maneira geral, a capacidade de absorver \u00e1gua e outras impurezas. Esta absor\u00e7\u00e3o ocorre de forma natural em decorr\u00eancia da chuva e umidade no ar, ou artificialmente por fraudes. Consequentemente, todas as termel\u00e9tricas devem possuir um sistema de tratamento de combust\u00edvel para n\u00e3o danificar os equipamentos e manter os custos de gera\u00e7\u00e3o conforme planejados. Al\u00e9m disso, todo sistema de tratamento gera res\u00edduos que precisam de descarte adequado por empresa especializada e certificada pelos \u00f3rg\u00e3os ambientais. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Todas as m\u00e1quinas rotativas requerem lubrifica\u00e7\u00e3o para reduzir o desgaste por atrito. Por isso, o <strong>Subsistema Lubrificantes<\/strong> realiza o armazenamento e o tratamento dos lubrificantes utilizados na usina. Assim como no caso dos combust\u00edveis, os res\u00edduos do tratamento dos lubrificantes e o lubrificante utilizado requerem descarte adequado por empresa certificada pelos \u00f3rg\u00e3os ambientais.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Todas as m\u00e1quinas t\u00e9rmicas necessitam de ar para queimar o combust\u00edvel. Por isso, o <strong>Subsistema de Ar<\/strong> se encarrega de absorver e tratar o ar antes de injet\u00e1-lo nas m\u00e1quinas. Minimamente, ele necessita de filtros para impedir que part\u00edculas s\u00f3lidas entrem nas m\u00e1quinas e as danifique. Em situa\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas especiais, o ar pode necessitar de aquecimento ou resfriamento.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O <strong>Subsistema de Exaust\u00e3o de Gases<\/strong> requer especial aten\u00e7\u00e3o no projeto de Termel\u00e9tricas. Os gases emitidos pelas m\u00e1quinas devem ser lan\u00e7ados na atmosfera de forma adequada para minimizar os impactos ambientais. Para isso, a altura das chamin\u00e9s resulta de estudos de dispers\u00e3o de gases na atmosfera que considera o relevo ao redor da usina, as condi\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas da regi\u00e3o e a legisla\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental vigente.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">M\u00e1quinas t\u00e9rmicas possuem efici\u00eancia inferior a 50%. Isto significa que parcela significativa da energia do combust\u00edvel se transforma em calor que deve ser dissipado no meio ambiente. Por isso, o <strong>Subsistema de Resfriamento<\/strong> da usina requer projeto cuidadoso para garantir que o calor dissipado no meio ambiente esteja dentro das normas ambientais. Existem tr\u00eas tipos de sistema de resfriamento utilizados em termel\u00e9tricas atualmente; <strong>radiador<\/strong>, <strong>torre de arrefecimento<\/strong> e <strong>trocador de calor<\/strong> com \u00e1gua de rios, lagos ou mar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Toda usina de gera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia el\u00e9trica apresenta riscos de inc\u00eandio e, no caso de termel\u00e9tricas, este risco aumenta porque combust\u00edvel podem entrar em combust\u00e3o inadvertidamente. Por isso, o <strong>Subsistema de Combate a Inc\u00eandio<\/strong> necessita de projeto adequado ao tipo de combust\u00edvel e o projeto da usina deve contemplar a normas de seguran\u00e7a adequadas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Toda a \u00e1rea ocupada pela usina se encontra sujeita a vazamentos de diversos materiais l\u00edquidos e a derramamento de res\u00edduos s\u00f3lidos que, por quest\u00f5es ambientais, necessitam de descarte adequado. Por isso, o <strong>Subsistema de Esgoto<\/strong> e \u00e1guas pluviais de contemplar equipamentos de filtragem para impedir que res\u00edduos poluentes sejam lan\u00e7ados na rede comum de esgoto ou em corpos de \u00e1gua pr\u00f3ximos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Finalmente, a <strong>Conex\u00e3o com a Rede El\u00e9trica<\/strong> requer cuidados especiais para atender as normas das empresas de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o ou transmiss\u00e3o e garantir a opera\u00e7\u00e3o da usina de forma confi\u00e1vel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Para concluir o sistema das usinas termel\u00e9tricas, existe o <strong>Sistema de Controle<\/strong> que engloba todos os subsistemas. Basicamente, o Sistema de Controle incorpora quatro subsistemas, denominados de Sistema de Controle em Malha Fechada, Sistema de Supervis\u00e3o e Sistema de Sequenciamento e Sistema de Prote\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='rendimento'  id=\"boomdevs_2\" class=\"mceTemp\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Rendimento<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O rendimento representa uma das principais preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es na gera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia el\u00e9trica e, em particular, nas usinas t\u00e9rmicas. A <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Figura 5 mostra as principais perdas na gera\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Existem <strong>Perdas de Combust\u00edvel<\/strong> no sistema de tratamento de combust\u00edvel que correspondem \u00e0s impurezas retiradas e \u00e0 parcela de combust\u00edveis que sai junto com os res\u00edduos do tratamento. Dependendo do combust\u00edvel utilizado estas perdas variam entre 1%<span id='easy-footnote-5-4061' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-4061\" title=\" no caso de combust\u00edveis gasosos\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span> e 10%<span id='easy-footnote-6-4061' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-4061\" title=\" no caso de combust\u00edveis s\u00f3lidos\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Perdas T\u00e9rmicas<\/strong> ocorrem basicamente no sistema de convers\u00e3o de energia qu\u00edmica em mec\u00e2nica e representam a maior parcela de perdas nas termel\u00e9tricas.\u00a0 De uma maneira geral, mais de 50% da energia qu\u00edmica dos combust\u00edveis se perde na forma de calor nas m\u00e1quinas t\u00e9rmicas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Apesar de serem muito inferiores \u00e0s perdas t\u00e9rmicas, as perdas el\u00e9tricas afetam o custo da gera\u00e7\u00e3o principalmente as perdas no sistema de transmiss\u00e3o, oscilando em torno de 4%.<span id='easy-footnote-7-4061' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-4061\" title=\"\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span> isto ocorre em fun\u00e7\u00e3o do sistema de rateio das perdas no sistema de transmiss\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26806\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26806\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a style=\"font-weight: 600;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/perdas_termo_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26806\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/perdas_termo_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/perdas_termo_1.png 2674w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/perdas_termo_1-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/perdas_termo_1-1024x820.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/perdas_termo_1-768x615.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/perdas_termo_1-1536x1230.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/perdas_termo_1-2048x1640.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/perdas_termo_1-1200x961.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/perdas_termo_1-1980x1585.png 1980w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26806\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 5. Rendimento das Termel\u00e9tricas<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O <strong>Consumo Pr\u00f3prio<\/strong> representa a parcela da energia el\u00e9trica utilizada para o funcionamento da pr\u00f3pria usina. Esta parcela varia com o tipo de combust\u00edvel utilizado e tecnologia utilizada, podendo variar entre 3% e 20% da pot\u00eancia da usina.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Finalmente, as <strong>Perdas na Transmiss\u00e3o<\/strong> ocorrem na linha de transmiss\u00e3o que liga a usina ao sistema el\u00e9trico e, no caso de usinas conectadas ao SIN, incluem as perdas de todo o sistema de transmiss\u00e3o da rede b\u00e1sica rateadas de acordo com os procedimentos do <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ons.org.br\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ONS<\/a>\u00a0e da\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ccee.org.br\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CEEE<\/a>. Os procedimentos atuais penalizam as termel\u00e9tricas porque o rateio das perdas desconsidera a dist\u00e2ncia entre a gera\u00e7\u00e3o e as cargas. Por exemplo, a Usina Angra I paga o mesmo percentual de perdas do que Itaipu, mesmo sabendo que o aumento de gera\u00e7\u00e3o de Angra reduz as perdas totais do sistema.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Finalmente, define-se o rendimento das usinas t\u00e9rmicas da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/rendimento.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4066 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/rendimento.png\" alt=\"rendimento\" width=\"202\" height=\"140\" \/><\/a>Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u03b7 \u00e9 o rendimento da usina;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">E<sub>s<\/sub>\u00a0\u00e9 a energia na sa\u00edda;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">E<sub>p<\/sub> \u00e9 a energia na entrada.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div align=\"center\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ms-editor-squiggler\" style=\"color: initial; 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