{"id":40753,"date":"2021-05-10T11:08:33","date_gmt":"2021-05-10T14:08:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/?page_id=40753"},"modified":"2025-08-26T18:01:21","modified_gmt":"2025-08-26T21:01:21","slug":"turbina-eolica-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/eolica\/turbina-eolica-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Turbinas E\u00f3licas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As turbinas e\u00f3licas surgiram na antiguidade e a Figura 1 mostra a primeira aplica\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica registrada. <\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Esta instala\u00e7\u00e3o em Sistan na P\u00e9rsia data o s\u00e9culo VII, servia para moer gr\u00e3os e seu eixo de rota\u00e7\u00e3o se encontrava na vertical.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_41553\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41553\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41553 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_primitiva.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_primitiva.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_primitiva-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_primitiva-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41553\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 1. Nashtifan, S\u00edria, Iran Fonte: MorvaridiMeraj, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Na Europa, os primeiros cataventos surgiram somente no s\u00e9culo XI trazidos pelos cruzados, e os famosos moinhos Holandeses apareceram no s\u00e9culo XIV.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_41555\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41555\" style=\"width: 799px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41555 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/moinho_holandesjpeg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"799\" height=\"1150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/moinho_holandesjpeg.jpg 799w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/moinho_holandesjpeg-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/moinho_holandesjpeg-711x1024.jpg 711w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/moinho_holandesjpeg-768x1105.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41555\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 2. Moinho de Vento. Fonte[note]Own picture by Andre Engels., CC BY 1.0 &lt;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/1.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons[\/note]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O avan\u00e7o tecnol\u00f3gico dos moinhos holandeses permitiu que a oferta de comida aumentasse na Europa, frustrou as previs\u00f5es de <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Malthus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malthus<\/a> e contribuiu para a Holanda se tornar uma pot\u00eancia econ\u00f4mica atrav\u00e9s da Companhia Holandesa das \u00cdndias Orientais e Ocidentais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 id='tipos-de-turbinas-e\u00f3licas'  id=\"boomdevs_1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Tipos de Turbinas E\u00f3licas<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Existem dois tipos b\u00e1sicos de turbinas e\u00f3licas:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Horizontais;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Verticais.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As turbinas horizontais possuem o eixo de rota\u00e7\u00e3o horizontal (Figura 3), e as turbinas verticais operam com o eixo de rota\u00e7\u00e3o na vertical (Figura 4).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_41559\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41559\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41559 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_suzlon.jpg\" alt=\"turbinas e\u00f3licas\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_suzlon.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_suzlon-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_suzlon-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41559\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 3. Turbina e\u00f3lica horizontal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_41560\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41560\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41560 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_vertical.jpg\" alt=\"turbinas e\u00f3licas\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_vertical.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_vertical-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_vertical-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41560\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 4. Turbina E\u00f3lica Vertical<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A principal vantagem das turbinas verticais consiste na independ\u00eancia da dire\u00e7\u00e3o do vento. Apesar disso, as turbinas horizontais dominam o mercado atual de turbinas e\u00f3licas para gera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As turbinas e\u00f3licas funcionam de forma semelhante \u00e0s as turbinas hidr\u00e1ulicas e as h\u00e9lices de avi\u00f5es e helic\u00f3pteros.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 id='an\u00e1lise-das-turbinas-horizontais'  id=\"boomdevs_2\">An\u00e1lise das Turbinas Horizontais<\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A an\u00e1lise das turbinas e\u00f3licas envolve conceitos avan\u00e7ados de aerodin\u00e2mica e mec\u00e2nica dos fluidos, mas obt\u00e9m-se conclus\u00f5es importantes a partir de simplifica\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A energia contida no vento horizontal consiste basicamente na sua energia cin\u00e9tica, uma vez que n\u00e3o h\u00e1 varia\u00e7\u00e3o de press\u00e3o nem varia\u00e7\u00e3o de altitude, conforme a seguinte express\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_4382\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4382\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/energia_cinetica.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4382\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/energia_cinetica-300x100.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/energia_cinetica-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/energia_cinetica.png 378w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4382\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eq. 1 &#8211; Energia Cin\u00e9tica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">E<sub>c<\/sub> \u00e9 a energia cin\u00e9tica;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">m \u00e9 a massa;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">v \u00e9 a velocidade.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Todavia, a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o desta express\u00e3o na an\u00e1lise das turbinas e\u00f3licas apresenta algumas dificuldades.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">De acordo com Burton, a Figura 5 mostra uma primeira aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o para o fluxo de ar atrav\u00e9s de um rotor de uma turbina e\u00f3lica, onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V<sub>inf<\/sub> \u00e9 a velocidade do vento muito antes de sofrer influ\u00eancia do rotor;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">P<sub>inf<\/sub> \u00e9 a press\u00e3o do ar sem sofrer influ\u00eancia do rotor;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V<sub>e<\/sub> \u00e9 a velocidade do vento na esteira do rotor;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V<sub>d<\/sub> \u00e9 a velocidade do vento no rotor;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">P<sub>d<\/sub> \u00e9 a press\u00e3o do ar no rotor;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-41562 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_eolica.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_eolica.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_eolica-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/turbina_eolica-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Figura 5. Modelo da turbina e\u00f3lica<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A energia retirada pela turbina reduz a energia do vento ap\u00f3s a turbina em decorr\u00eancia da lei de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia. Isto acarreta redu\u00e7\u00e3o da velocidade do vento ap\u00f3s o rotor (V<sub>e)<\/sub>, e quanto maior a energia gerada, \u00a0menor ser\u00e1 essa velocidade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m da conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia, a turbina deve obedecer tamb\u00e9m \u00e0 conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de massa. Numa primeira aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o, podemos considerar apenas a massa de ar que atravessa o rotor, isto \u00e9, apenas a massa de ar contida no tubo fict\u00edcio, apresentado na Figura 1. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Isto significa que n\u00e3o existe fluxo de ar para dentro ou para fora deste duto imagin\u00e1rio e, consequentemente, a conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de massa se aplica a todo o duto conforme a express\u00e3o abaixo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7750\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/conserva_massa_eolica-2-300x24.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"493\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/conserva_massa_eolica-2-300x24.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/conserva_massa_eolica-2.png 702w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption>Eq. 2 &#8211; Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de fluxo de massa<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u03c1 \u00e9 a densidade do ar;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A \u00e9 a \u00e1rea;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V \u00e9 a velocidade.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A express\u00e3o abaixo relaciona a velocidade do vento no disco da turbina com a velocidade do vento a montante atrav\u00e9s de um fator, denominado de <strong><em>fator de indu\u00e7\u00e3o de fluxo axial (a). <\/em><\/strong>Esse fator varia entre 0 e 1, sendo nulo quando a turbina se encontra parada e 1 se a turbina fosse s\u00f3lida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7753\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7753\" style=\"width: 229px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7753\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Vd_eolico.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"229\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Vd_eolico.png 338w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Vd_eolico-300x52.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 229px) 100vw, 229px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7753\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eq. 3 &#8211; Fator de indu\u00e7\u00e3o de fluxo axial<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Substituindo esta express\u00e3o na Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 2, obt\u00eam-se que:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7754 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ad_eolico.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"269\" height=\"113\" \/>\r\n<figcaption>Eq.4 &#8211; Rela\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1reas<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Observa-se que a redu\u00e7\u00e3o da velocidade do vento, causada pelo rotor da turbina, aumenta a \u00e1rea do tubo fict\u00edcio a jusante do rotor proporcionalmente \u00e0 redu\u00e7\u00e3o da velocidade devido \u00e0 conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de massa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m disso, essa redu\u00e7\u00e3o de velocidade produz uma varia\u00e7\u00e3o no momento linear da massa de ar.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> Como varia\u00e7\u00e3o de momento linear significa for\u00e7a, pode-se igualar a varia\u00e7\u00e3o do momento linear do ar com a for\u00e7a exercida no disco da turbina. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por sua vez, a for\u00e7a no disco equivale \u00e0 \u00e1rea do disco vezes a press\u00e3o exercida pelo vento, conforme \u00a0a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 5.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7758\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7758\" style=\"width: 329px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7758 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Dp_eolico.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"329\" height=\"57\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Dp_eolico.png 329w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Dp_eolico-300x52.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7758\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eq. 5 &#8211; For\u00e7a no disco da turbina<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u0394V \u00e9 a varia\u00e7\u00e3o de velocidade do ar;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">m \u00e9 a massa do ar;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u0394p \u00e9 a varia\u00e7\u00e3o de press\u00e3o no disco da turbina;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A \u00e9 a \u00e1rea do disco da turbina.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As equa\u00e7\u00f5es abaixo fornecem a varia\u00e7\u00e3o total de velocidade do vento, a massa de ar e a varia\u00e7\u00e3o de press\u00e3o no disco da turbina.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7803\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7803\" style=\"width: 365px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7803 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_8.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"365\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_8.png 365w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_8-300x185.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 365px) 100vw, 365px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7803\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eq. 6 <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Condi\u00e7\u00f5es<\/span> no disco da turbina<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Substituindo essas express\u00f5es na Eq.5, resulta que:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7768\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7768\" style=\"width: 774px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7768 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dpeolico_2-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"774\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dpeolico_2-2.png 774w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dpeolico_2-2-300x54.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dpeolico_2-2-768x138.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 774px) 100vw, 774px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7768\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eq. 7 Varia\u00e7\u00e3o de press\u00e3o no disco da <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">turbina<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Bernoulli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">equa\u00e7\u00e3o de <\/a>Bernoulli estabelece que a energia permanece constante em fluidos incompress\u00edveis quando n\u00e3o existe realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalho nem transfer\u00eancia de calor. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Matematicamente, pode se escrever da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7770\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7770\" style=\"width: 401px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7770 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/bernoulli.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"85\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/bernoulli.png 401w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/bernoulli-300x64.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7770\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eq.8 Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Bernoulli<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">v \u00e9 a velocidade;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u03c1 \u00e9 a densidade do fluido;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">g \u00e9 a acelera\u00e7\u00e3o da gravidade;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">h \u00e9 a altura com rela\u00e7\u00e3o a uma refer\u00eancia;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">p \u00e9 a press\u00e3o.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Aplicando a equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Bernoulli \u00e0s duas se\u00e7\u00f5es do tubo fict\u00edcio e, considerando o sistema horizontal, a altura h desaparece da equa\u00e7\u00e3o. Apesar do ar n\u00e3o ser incompress\u00edvel, utiliza-se esta hip\u00f3tese simplificadora.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Desta maneira, t\u00eam-se que:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7773\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7773\" style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7773 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_3.png 604w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_3-300x99.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7773\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 9. Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Bernoulli aplicada aos discos<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Considerando que a atmosfera equaliza as press\u00f5es antes e depois da turbina e subtraindo uma equa\u00e7\u00e3o da outra, pode-se escrever que:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7776\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7776\" style=\"width: 493px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7776 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"493\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_4.png 493w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_4-300x47.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7776\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eq. 10 Queda de press\u00e3o na turbina<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 10 mostra que a varia\u00e7\u00e3o da velocidade do vento ocorre metade antes e metade depois do disco da turbina.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A substitui\u00e7\u00e3o da Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 10 na Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 7 permite calcular a velocidade do vento na esteira da turbina:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7783\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7783\" style=\"width: 836px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7783 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"836\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_5.png 836w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_5-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_5-768x589.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 836px) 100vw, 836px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7783\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 11. Velocidade do vento na esteira da turbina<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por sua vez, a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 12 fornece a for\u00e7a exercida pelo vento no disco fict\u00edcio da turbina.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7797\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7797\" style=\"width: 764px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7797 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_6-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"764\" height=\"50\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_6-1.png 764w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_6-1-300x20.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7797\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 12. For\u00e7a no disco da turbina<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Define-se pot\u00eancia como a derivada no tempo do trabalho, que por sua vez resulta do produto escalar da for\u00e7a pela posi\u00e7\u00e3o. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Logo, o produto da for\u00e7a pela velocidade do vento no disco da turbina determina a pot\u00eancia extra\u00edda pela m\u00e1quina conforme a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 13.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7799\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7799\" style=\"width: 681px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7799 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"681\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_7.png 681w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_7-300x105.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 681px) 100vw, 681px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7799\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 13 &#8211; Pot\u00eancia na turbina<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Portanto, de acordo com a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 13, <strong>a pot\u00eancia extra\u00edda pela turbina depende da \u00e1rea da turbina e do cubo da velocidade do vento<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por outro lado, a pot\u00eancia existente no vento sem a turbina ser\u00e1 dada por:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7807\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7807\" style=\"width: 794px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7807 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_9.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"794\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_9.png 794w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_9-300x29.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/dp_eolico_9-768x75.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7807\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o. 14 Pot\u00eancia no vento<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 15 apresenta a pot\u00eancia extra\u00edda pela turbina como uma parcela da energia contida no vento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_23065\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23065\" style=\"width: 369px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23065 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"369\" height=\"85\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp.png 369w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp-300x69.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 369px) 100vw, 369px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23065\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 15. Pot\u00eancia na turbina<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">P \u00e9 a pot\u00eancia mec\u00e2nica extra\u00edda pela turbina;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">C<sub>p<\/sub> \u00e9 o coeficiente de pot\u00eancia;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u03c1 \u00e9 a densidade do ar;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A \u00e9 a \u00e1rea da turbina;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V \u00e9 a velocidade do vento.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por sua vez, <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">define-se o Coeficiente de Pot\u00eancia &#8211; Cp &#8211; como a pot\u00eancia na turbina, definida na Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 14, dividida pela pot\u00eancia existente no vento da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_23067\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23067\" style=\"width: 341px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23067 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"341\" height=\"107\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp1.png 341w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp1-300x94.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23067\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 16. Coeficiente de Pot\u00eancia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Deve-se observar que, como a densidade do ar vale 800 vezes menos do que a densidade da \u00e1gua, a pot\u00eancia fornecida por turbinas e\u00f3licas \u00e9 muito menor do que a pot\u00eancia gerada pelas turbinas hidr\u00e1ulicas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m disso, conforme mostra a Figura 6, a densidade do ar varia com a temperatura e com a altitude.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"125\"\n     style=\"height: 600px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[125] = {\n            render_data: {\"columns\":[{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Temperatura (C)\",\"orig_header\":\"temperaturac\"},{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Densidade (kg\\\/m3)\",\"orig_header\":\"densidadekgm3\"}],\"rows\":[[0,1.29],[20,1.21],[40,1.13],[60,1.07]],\"axes\":{\"major\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Temperatura (C)\"},\"minor\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"\"}},\"options\":{\"title\":\"Densidade do ar\",\"series\":[{\"color\":\"#3366CC\",\"label\":\"Densidade (kg\\\/m3)\"}],\"height\":600,\"responsive_width\":1,\"hAxis\":{\"title\":\"Temperatura (\\u2103)\",\"gridlines\":{\"color\":\"transparent\"},\"direction\":\"1\"},\"vAxis\":{\"title\":\"Densidade 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(kg\\\/m3)\",\"color\":\"#3366CC\",\"orig_header\":\"densidadekgm3\"}],\"group_chart\":false,\"loader\":true,\"chartLoaderColorSettings\":\"\",\"chartLoaderAnimationColorSettings\":\"\",\"show_grid\":false,\"type\":\"google_line_chart\"},\n            engine: \"google\",\n            type: \"google_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Densidade do ar\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_125\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 151,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_125\" class=\"google_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Figura 6. Densidade do ar<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O coeficiente de pot\u00eancia representa a fra\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e1xima da energia contida no vento que pode ser extra\u00edda pela turbina e, combinando as Equa\u00e7\u00f5es 13 e 16, obt\u00e9m-se a seguinte express\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_23078\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23078\" style=\"width: 328px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp2_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23078 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp2_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"328\" height=\"54\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp2_1.png 328w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp2_1-300x49.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23078\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 17. Coeficiente de pot\u00eancia em fun\u00e7\u00e3o do fator de indu\u00e7\u00e3o de fluxo axial.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Portanto, a pot\u00eancia m\u00e1xima poss\u00edvel de ser extra\u00edda do vento foi calculada por Albert Betz<span id='easy-footnote-1-40753' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/eolica\/turbina-eolica-2\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-40753\" title=\" vide o livro nas Refer\u00eancias\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span> derivando a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 17 e igualando a zero.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_23071\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23071\" style=\"width: 638px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/dcp_da.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23071 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/dcp_da.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/dcp_da.png 638w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/dcp_da-300x42.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23071\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 18. Derivada do coeficiente de pot\u00eancia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Resolvendo a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 18, obt\u00e9m-se que <strong>a=1\/3 maximiza C<sub>p<\/sub>. <\/strong>Substituindo este valor na Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 17, obt\u00e9m-se que:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_23073\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23073\" style=\"width: 675px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp_max.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23073 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp_max.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"675\" height=\"107\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp_max.png 675w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cp_max-300x48.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23073\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 19. Coeficiente de pot\u00eancia m\u00e1ximo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este valor de aproximadamente 60% tornou-se conhecido como o <strong>limite de Betz<\/strong> e representa o valor m\u00e1ximo de pot\u00eancia poss\u00edvel de ser extra\u00eddo do vento por qualquer turbina horizontal.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Pode-se tamb\u00e9m normalizar a for\u00e7a exercida no rotor &#8211; Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 12 &#8211; utilizando a energia do vento como base. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Desta maneira, define-se o coeficiente de torque -C<sub>t<\/sub> &#8211; de acordo com a seguinte express\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_23075\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23075\" style=\"width: 773px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ct.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23075 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ct.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"773\" height=\"116\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ct.png 773w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ct-300x45.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ct-768x115.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 773px) 100vw, 773px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23075\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 20. Coeficiente de torque<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 7 apresenta os coeficientes de Pot\u00eancia e Torque em fun\u00e7\u00e3o do fator de indu\u00e7\u00e3o de fluxo axial &#8211; a, e a Figura 8 os mesmos coeficientes em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da rela\u00e7\u00e3o V<sub>d<\/sub>\/V<sub>\u221e<\/sub>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"126\"\n     style=\"height: 600px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[126] = {\n            render_data: {\"columns\":[{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"a\",\"orig_header\":\"a\"},{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Cp\",\"orig_header\":\"cp\"},{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Ct\",\"orig_header\":\"ct\"}],\"rows\":[[0,0,0],[0.1,0.324,0.36],[0.2,0.512,0.64],[0.3,0.588,0.84],[0.4,0.576,0.96],[0.5,0.5,1],[0.6,0.384,0.96],[0.7,0.252,0.84],[0.8,0.128,0.64],[0.9,0.036,0.36],[1,0,0]],\"axes\":{\"major\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"a\"},\"minor\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"\"}},\"options\":{\"title\":\"Cp e 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Coeficientes de Pot\u00eancia e Torque em fun\u00e7\u00e3o de a<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A partir da Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 3, obt\u00e9m-se que este par\u00e2metro representa a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre a velocidade do vento a montante e a velocidade do vento na turbina de acordo com a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 21.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_23081\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23081\" style=\"width: 211px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/a.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23081 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/a.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"211\" height=\"92\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23081\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 21. Fator de indu\u00e7\u00e3o de fluxo axial<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 21 mostra que o fator de indu\u00e7\u00e3o de fluxo axial varia entre 0 e 1, enquanto o valor de V<sub>d<\/sub> varia de V<sub>\u221e<\/sub> e 0 respectivamente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"127\"\n     style=\"height: 600px; display: none;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[127] = {\n            render_data: {\"columns\":[{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Vd\\\/V\",\"orig_header\":\"vdv\"},{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Cp\",\"orig_header\":\"cp\"},{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Ct\",\"orig_header\":\"ct\"}],\"rows\":[[1,0,0],[0.9,0.324,0.36],[0.8,0.512,0.64],[0.7,0.588,0.84],[0.6,0.576,0.96],[0.5,0.5,1],[0.4,0.384,0.96],[0.3,0.252,0.84],[0.2,0.128,0.64],[0.1,0.036,0.36],[0,0,0]],\"axes\":{\"major\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Vd\\\/V\"},\"minor\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"\"}},\"options\":{\"title\":\"Coeficientes de Pot\\u00eancia e Torque\",\"series\":[{\"color\":\"#3366CC\",\"label\":\"Cp\"},{\"color\":\"#DC3912\",\"label\":\"Ct\"}],\"height\":600,\"responsive_width\":1,\"hAxis\":{\"title\":\"\",\"direction\":\"1\"},\"vAxis\":{\"title\":\"\",\"direction\":\"1\",\"viewWindow\":{\"min\":\"\",\"max\":\"\"}},\"backgroundColor\":{\"fill\":\"#FFFFFF\",\"strokeWidth\":0,\"stroke\":\"\",\"rx\":0},\"chartArea\":{\"backgroundColor\":{\"fill\":\"\",\"strokeWidth\":0,\"stroke\":\"\"}},\"fontSize\":\"16\",\"fontName\":\"Verdana\",\"colors\":[\"#3366CC\",\"#DC3912\",\"#FF9900\",\"#109618\",\"#990099\",\"#3B3EAC\",\"#0099C6\",\"#DD4477\",\"#66AA00\",\"#B82E2E\",\"#316395\",\"#994499\",\"#22AA99\",\"#AAAA11\",\"#6633CC\",\"#E67300\",\"#8B0707\",\"#329262\",\"#5574A6\",\"#3B3EAC\"],\"curveType\":\"none\",\"crosshair\":{\"trigger\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"\"},\"orientation\":\"horizontal\",\"titlePosition\":\"out\",\"tooltip\":{\"trigger\":\"focus\"},\"legend\":{\"position\":\"bottom\",\"alignment\":\"end\"}},\"vAxis\":[],\"hAxis\":[],\"errors\":[],\"series\":[{\"label\":\"Cp\",\"color\":\"#3366CC\",\"orig_header\":\"cp\"},{\"label\":\"Ct\",\"color\":\"#DC3912\",\"orig_header\":\"ct\"}],\"group_chart\":false,\"loader\":false,\"chartLoaderColorSettings\":\"\",\"chartLoaderAnimationColorSettings\":\"\",\"show_grid\":true,\"type\":\"google_line_chart\"},\n            engine: \"google\",\n            type: \"google_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Coeficientes de Pot\u00eancia e Torque\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_127\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 152,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_127\" class=\"google_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Figura 8. Coeficientes de Pot\u00eancia e Torque em fun\u00e7\u00e3o de Vd\/V\u221e<\/span><\/div>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Isto significa que a pot\u00eancia e o torque se anulam nestes dois pontos extremos. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m disso, o limite de Betz, que ocorre para o fator igual a 1\/3, implica que a velocidade na turbina deve ser 70% da velocidade do vento a montante. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por outro lado, o coeficiente de torque m\u00e1ximo ocorre para a=1\/2, que corresponde a uma velocidade de vento na turbina de 50%.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O projeto espec\u00edfico da turbina determina como a energia cin\u00e9tica do vento se transforma em energia mec\u00e2nica.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No entanto, a maioria das turbinas atuais utiliza rotores com determinado n\u00famero de p\u00e1s que giram com velocidade angular &#8211; \u03c9 &#8211; paralela \u00e0 dire\u00e7\u00e3o do vento e ortogonal ao plano das p\u00e1s.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As p\u00e1s giram ao longo da \u00e1rea A<sub>d<\/sub> e, devido ao seu projeto aerodin\u00e2mico, criam a diferen\u00e7a de press\u00e3o ao longo da \u00e1rea que reduz o momento no fluxo do vento e converte a energia do vento em energia mec\u00e2nica.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O eixo do rotor da turbina se encontra acoplado a um gerador de energia el\u00e9trica que completa a convers\u00e3o da energia mec\u00e2nica em energia el\u00e9trica. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Neste processo, o gerador gera um torque, em sentido contr\u00e1rio ao torque exercido pelo vento e proporcional \u00e0 energia el\u00e9trica gerada. Em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de equil\u00edbrio, estes torques se igualam e a velocidade angular permanece constante.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A gera\u00e7\u00e3o do torque no rotor pela passagem do vento produz um torque igual e contr\u00e1rio no ar. Isto significa que o ar, ap\u00f3s o rotor da turbina, adquiri um momento angular com rota\u00e7\u00e3o contr\u00e1ria \u00e0 rota\u00e7\u00e3o do rotor, que inexistia no vento a montante da turbina.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Esta varia\u00e7\u00e3o de momento e velocidade angular representa um aumento na energia cin\u00e9tica, que \u00e9 compensado pela queda de press\u00e3o no ar a jusante do rotor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 48px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.0415625em; font-family: 'Inter var', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif;\">Refer\u00eancias<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Burton, T., Sharp, D., Jenkins, N., Bossanyi, E., <strong>Wind Energy Handbook<\/strong>, Wiley, 2001.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Betz, A., <strong>Introduction to the Theory of Flow Machines<\/strong>, Pergamon Press, 1966.<span id='easy-footnote-2-40753' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/eolica\/turbina-eolica-2\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-40753\" title=\"scribd\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION, <strong>IEC 61400-1 Wind Turbines &#8211; Part 1: Design Requirements<\/strong>, 3 Ed., IEC, 2005<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; As turbinas e\u00f3licas surgiram na antiguidade e a Figura 1 mostra a primeira aplica\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica registrada. Esta instala\u00e7\u00e3o em Sistan na P\u00e9rsia data o s\u00e9culo VII, servia para moer gr\u00e3os e seu eixo de rota\u00e7\u00e3o se encontrava na vertical. Na Europa, os primeiros cataventos surgiram somente no s\u00e9culo XI trazidos pelos cruzados, e os [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":41551,"parent":3702,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-40753","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_titulo.jpg",1200,280,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_titulo-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_titulo-300x70.jpg",300,70,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_titulo-768x179.jpg",580,135,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_titulo-1024x239.jpg",580,135,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_titulo.jpg",1200,280,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_titulo.jpg",1200,280,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_titulo.jpg",1200,280,false],"twentytwenty-fullscreen":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/eolica_titulo.jpg",1200,280,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/author\/admin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"&nbsp; As turbinas e\u00f3licas surgiram na antiguidade e a Figura 1 mostra a primeira aplica\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica registrada. Esta instala\u00e7\u00e3o em Sistan na P\u00e9rsia data o s\u00e9culo VII, servia para moer gr\u00e3os e seu eixo de rota\u00e7\u00e3o se encontrava na vertical. Na Europa, os primeiros cataventos surgiram somente no s\u00e9culo XI trazidos pelos cruzados, e os&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40753","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40753"}],"version-history":[{"count":82,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40753\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":45232,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40753\/revisions\/45232"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3702"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41551"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}