{"id":40906,"date":"2021-07-01T11:01:28","date_gmt":"2021-07-01T14:01:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/?page_id=40906"},"modified":"2023-06-05T10:00:06","modified_gmt":"2023-06-05T13:00:06","slug":"espectro-solar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/espectro-solar\/","title":{"rendered":"Espectro Solar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/\">cap\u00edtulo anterior<\/a> mostrou que o sol transmite sua energia para o espa\u00e7o atrav\u00e9s de ondas eletromagn\u00e9ticas de amplo espectro de frequ\u00eancias, denominado espectro solar. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A distribui\u00e7\u00e3o da energia pelas diferentes frequ\u00eancias apresenta um ponto m\u00e1ximo em determinada frequ\u00eancia, que depende da <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-termicas\/radiacao-termica\/\">temperatura do sol<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 1 apresenta a <strong>Irradi\u00e2ncia Espectral Solar<\/strong> medida acima da atmosfera da terra, a Irradi\u00e2ncia Espectral de um corpo negro a 5 250 \u00b0C, e a Irradi\u00e2ncia Espectral ao n\u00edvel do mar.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_41786\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41786\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41786\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/espectro_solar-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/espectro_solar-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/espectro_solar-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/espectro_solar.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41786\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 1. Espectro da Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Solar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A an\u00e1lise dessa figura mostra que a irradi\u00e2ncia espectral medida acima da atmosfera se aproxima da emiss\u00e3o de um corpo negro ideal a 5 250 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As discrep\u00e2ncias entre este valor e o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/\">calculado anteriormente<\/a> ocorrem em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da presen\u00e7a de determinados elementos qu\u00edmicos no sol que absorvem energia em frequ\u00eancias espec\u00edficas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A atmosfera atenua ainda mais a energia ao n\u00edvel do mar devido \u00e0 energia refletida e aos gases que comp\u00f5e a atmosfera. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Esta atenua\u00e7\u00e3o depende da massa de ar existente entre o topo da atmosfera e o ponto em quest\u00e3o. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Conforme mostrado na Figura 1, a atmosfera terrestre atenua a luz solar em aproximadamente 30% em decorr\u00eancia da:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rayleigh_scattering\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dispers\u00e3o de Rayleigh<\/a>, fen\u00f4meno onde mol\u00e9culas refletem e\/ou absorvem radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica de pequenos comprimentos de onda;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Dispers\u00e3o por aeross\u00f3is e poeira;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Absor\u00e7\u00e3o pelos gases da atmosfera; oxig\u00eanio, oz\u00f4nio, vapor d&#8217;\u00e1gua, e di\u00f3xido de carbono.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><!-- \/wp:post-content -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph --><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por isso, denomina-se a irradi\u00e2ncia espectral acima da atmosfera de irradi\u00e2ncia espectral massa de ar 0 <strong>AM0<\/strong><span id='easy-footnote-1-40906' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/espectro-solar\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-40906\" title=\"Air mass 0 \"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">, conforme mostra a Figura 2.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22032\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22032\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/AM.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22032\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/AM.png 1000w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/AM-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/AM-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22032\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 2. Massa de Ar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como a composi\u00e7\u00e3o da atmosfera permanece constante<span id='easy-footnote-2-40906' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/espectro-solar\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-40906\" title=\" O aquecimento global resulta da varia\u00e7\u00e3o da composi\u00e7\u00e3o da atmosfera e, consequentemente, tamb\u00e9m afetar\u00e1 a gera\u00e7\u00e3o fotovoltaica. Contudo, como a composi\u00e7\u00e3o da atmosfera permanece uniforme ao redor da terra o conceito de Massa de Ar continuar\u00e1 v\u00e1lido\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span>, define-se a <strong>Massa de Ar<\/strong> como sendo proporcional \u00e0 dist\u00e2ncia percorrida pela luz entre a parte superior da atmosfera e a superf\u00edcie da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22038\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22038\" style=\"width: 218px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/AM-1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22038 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/AM-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"218\" height=\"92\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22038\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 1. Massa de ar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Esta express\u00e3o sup\u00f5e a atmosfera homog\u00eanea e n\u00e3o refrativa, hip\u00f3tese incorreta.\u00a0 Segundo Iqbal<span id='easy-footnote-3-40906' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/espectro-solar\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-40906\" title=\" IQBAL, M., &lt;strong&gt;An Introduction to Solar Radiation&lt;\/strong&gt;, Academic Press, 1983, pg.191\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span>, a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 2 fornece valores mais precisos com erro inferior a 0,1% para \u00e2ngulos at\u00e9 86 graus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22042\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22042\" style=\"width: 688px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/AM_igbar.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22042 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/AM_igbar.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"688\" height=\"103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/AM_igbar.png 688w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/AM_igbar-300x45.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 688px) 100vw, 688px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22042\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 2. Massa de ar considerando refra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As Equa\u00e7\u00f5es 1 e 2 mostram que a atenua\u00e7\u00e3o da irradi\u00e2ncia solar na superf\u00edcie da terra depende da Latitude, do dia, do m\u00eas, e da hora.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Considera-se este valor de <strong>AM0<\/strong> praticamente constante e igual a 1,366 kW\/m<sup>2<\/sup>. <\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este valor, denominado de <strong>Constante Solar<\/strong>, corresponde \u00e0 \u00e1rea da curva amarela da Figura 1.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Na pr\u00e1tica, pode-se estimar o valor de AM de acordo com a Figura 3 e a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 3.<\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_39599\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39599\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-39599\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM1.png 2670w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM1-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM1-1024x820.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM1-768x615.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM1-1536x1229.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM1-2048x1639.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM1-1200x960.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM1-1980x1585.png 1980w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-39599\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 3. M\u00e9todo de Medi\u00e7\u00e3o do \u00e2ngulo \u03a8<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_39600\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39600\" style=\"width: 348px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM3.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-39600 \" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"348\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM3.png 432w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/AM3-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-39600\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 3. \u00e2ngulo de inclina\u00e7\u00e3o do sol.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No caso de \u03a8 = 0, denomina-se AM1 porque o cosseno de 0 vale 1. <\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Analogamente, AM2 ocorre quando \u03a8 vale 60\u00b0 porque cosseno deste \u00e2ngulo vale 1\/2. <\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Finalmente, AM1,5, que equivale ao \u00e2ngulo de 48,2\u00b0 se tornou padr\u00e3o internacional. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contudo, deve-se fazer as devidas corre\u00e7\u00f5es considerando as caracter\u00edsticas dos projetos espec\u00edficos. Por exemplo, a curva vermelha da Figura 1 corresponde a AM1,5.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Na pr\u00e1tica, a radia\u00e7\u00e3o solar se divide em direta e difusa sendo que cada uma possui frequ\u00eancias pr\u00f3prias.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 id='radia\u00e7\u00e3o-direta-e-difusa'  id=\"boomdevs_1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Direta e Difusa<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A <strong>radia\u00e7\u00e3o direta<\/strong> consiste na energia recebida diretamente do disco solar e a <strong>radia\u00e7\u00e3o difusa\u00a0<\/strong>corresponde \u00e0 energia recebida do restante do c\u00e9u. <\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Denomina-se de <strong>radia\u00e7\u00e3o global<\/strong> a soma dessas duas radia\u00e7\u00f5es.\u00a0<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O espectro dessas radia\u00e7\u00f5es apresenta diferen\u00e7as porque originam-se a partir de temperaturas diferentes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>[wpdevart_youtube width=&#8221;640&#8243; height=&#8221;385&#8243; autoplay=&#8221;0&#8243; theme=&#8221;dark&#8221; loop_video=&#8221;0&#8243; enable_fullscreen=&#8221;1&#8243; show_related=&#8221;1&#8243; show_popup=&#8221;0&#8243; thumb_popup_width=&#8221;213&#8243; thumb_popup_height=&#8221;128&#8243; show_title=&#8221;1&#8243; show_youtube_icon=&#8221;1&#8243; show_annotations=&#8221;1&#8243; show_progress_bar_color=&#8221;white&#8221; autohide_parameters=&#8221;1&#8243; set_initial_volume=&#8221;true&#8221; initial_volume=&#8221;72&#8243; disable_keyboard=&#8221;1&#8243;]clgqmbsFnZM[\/wpdevart_youtube]<\/p>\r\n<h2 id='balan\u00e7o-energ\u00e9tico-da-terra'  id=\"boomdevs_2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Balan\u00e7o Energ\u00e9tico da Terra<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Obedecendo a lei da conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia, a energia emitida pela terra deve se igualar \u00e0 energia recebida do sol para manter a temperatura na superf\u00edcie est\u00e1vel. <\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Se este balan\u00e7o energ\u00e9tico for rompido, a temperatura da terra aumentar\u00e1 ou diminuir\u00e1. <\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 8 apresenta este balan\u00e7o simplificado considerando um albedo de 30%.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_21976\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21976\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Balanco_energ_terra_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21976 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Balanco_energ_terra_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Balanco_energ_terra_1.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Balanco_energ_terra_1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Balanco_energ_terra_1-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21976\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 4. Balan\u00e7o Energ\u00e9tico da terra. Fonte: <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">WENHAM<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por\u00e9m, a presen\u00e7a da atmosfera produz novos efeitos, conforme mostra a Figura 5.<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A atmosfera terrestre reflete aproximadamente 23% da energia recebida pelo sol e a superf\u00edcie reflete 9%, totalizando um albedo de 32%. <span id='easy-footnote-4-40906' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/espectro-solar\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-40906\" title=\"Estes n\u00fameros variam de acordo com a refer\u00eancia, o tipo de medi\u00e7\u00e3o e sua data\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_41792\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41792\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41792 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Heat_balance_earth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Heat_balance_earth.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Heat_balance_earth-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Heat_balance_earth-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41792\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 5. Balan\u00e7o energ\u00e9tico da terra<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contudo, a atmosfera desempenha papel extremamente importante como termostato do clima terrestre. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Primeiramente, ela reflete de volta para a terra parcela significativa do calor radiado pela superf\u00edcie (93%) <span id='easy-footnote-5-40906' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/espectro-solar\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-40906\" title=\" 324\/350 \"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span> e absorve 20% da energia recebida do sol. <span id='easy-footnote-6-40906' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/espectro-solar\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-40906\" title=\" &lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por que a temperatura no interior de um autom\u00f3vel com os vidros fechados e estacionado sob o sol fica apresenta valor muito superior ao da temperatura externa? \"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este mecanismo explica o porqu\u00ea da temperatura m\u00e9dia da terra se encontrar maior do que a calculada no <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/\">Exemplo 4<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m disso, a atmosfera absorve cerca de 20% da energia que incide na superf\u00edcie atrav\u00e9s da radia\u00e7\u00e3o solar (168 w\/m<sup>2<\/sup>) e da radia\u00e7\u00e3o refletida (324 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>) pela terra atrav\u00e9s dos mecanismos de convec\u00e7\u00e3o e evapora\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> Estes dois mecanismos termodin\u00e2micos produzem os ventos e as chuvas, elementos respons\u00e1veis pela gera\u00e7\u00e3o e\u00f3lica e hidrel\u00e9trica, e amortecem as varia\u00e7\u00f5es de temperatura entre dia\/noite e ver\u00e3o\/inverso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>[wpdevart_youtube width=&#8221;640&#8243; height=&#8221;385&#8243; autoplay=&#8221;0&#8243; theme=&#8221;dark&#8221; loop_video=&#8221;0&#8243; enable_fullscreen=&#8221;1&#8243; show_related=&#8221;1&#8243; show_popup=&#8221;0&#8243; thumb_popup_width=&#8221;213&#8243; thumb_popup_height=&#8221;128&#8243; show_title=&#8221;1&#8243; show_youtube_icon=&#8221;1&#8243; show_annotations=&#8221;1&#8243; show_progress_bar_color=&#8221;white&#8221; autohide_parameters=&#8221;1&#8243; set_initial_volume=&#8221;true&#8221; initial_volume=&#8221;72&#8243; disable_keyboard=&#8221;1&#8243;]uVkfh89iyeU[\/wpdevart_youtube]<\/p>\r\n<h2 id='fontes-de-dados'  id=\"boomdevs_3\">Fontes de Dados<\/h2>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/globalsolaratlas.info\/map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Global Solar Atlas<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<h2 id='refer\u00eancias'  id=\"boomdevs_4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Refer\u00eancias<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: numeric;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">ARCHER, D.,<strong> Global Warming &#8211; Understanding the Forecast<\/strong>, 2\u00aa edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Wiley, 2012.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">CARROLL, B.W., OSTLIE, D.A., <strong>An<\/strong> <strong>Introduction to Modern Astrophysics<\/strong>, 2\u00aa edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Pearson, 2014.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">BADESCU, V., <strong>Modeling Solar Radiation at Earth&#8217;s Surface, <\/strong>Springer<strong>, <\/strong>2008.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">ESCOLA NAVAL, <strong>Navega\u00e7\u00e3o Astron\u00f4mica<\/strong>, Minist\u00e9rio da Marinha, 1978.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">IQBAL, M., <strong>An Introduction to Solar Radiation<\/strong>, Academic Press, 1983, pg.191<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">MILONE, E.F., WILSON, W.J.F., <strong>Solar System Astrophysics<\/strong>, Springer, 2008.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">SEN, ZEKAI, <strong>Solar Energy Fundamentals and Modeling Techniques<\/strong>, Springer, 2008.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">WENHAM, S.R., GREEN, M.A., WATT, M.E., CORKISH, R., <strong>Applied Photovoltaics<\/strong>, Earthscan, 2007.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">ZOMBECK, MARTIN. <strong>Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics<\/strong>., 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/rredc.nrel.gov\/solar\/spectra\/am0\/ASTM2000.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/rredc.nrel.gov\/solar\/spectra\/am0\/ASTM2000.html<\/a><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/rredc.nrel.gov\/solar\/spectra\/am0\/ASTM2000.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Solar_spectrum_ita.svg<\/a><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/rredc.nrel.gov\/solar\/spectra\/am0\/ASTM2000.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Earth#\/media\/File:AxialTiltObliquity.png<\/a><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalsolaratlas.info\/map?c=51.344339,-26.015625,3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Atlas Solar Global<\/a><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalsolaratlas.info\/map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Solar Atlas<\/a><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O cap\u00edtulo anterior mostrou que o sol transmite sua energia para o espa\u00e7o atrav\u00e9s de ondas eletromagn\u00e9ticas de amplo espectro de frequ\u00eancias, denominado espectro solar. A distribui\u00e7\u00e3o da energia pelas diferentes frequ\u00eancias apresenta um ponto m\u00e1ximo em determinada frequ\u00eancia, que depende da temperatura do sol. A Figura 1 apresenta a Irradi\u00e2ncia Espectral Solar medida acima [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":41543,"parent":3721,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-40906","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/solar_destacada.jpg",1200,280,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/solar_destacada-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/solar_destacada-300x70.jpg",300,70,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/solar_destacada-768x179.jpg",580,135,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/solar_destacada-1024x239.jpg",580,135,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/solar_destacada.jpg",1200,280,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/solar_destacada.jpg",1200,280,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/solar_destacada.jpg",1200,280,false],"twentytwenty-fullscreen":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/solar_destacada.jpg",1200,280,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/author\/admin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"O cap\u00edtulo anterior mostrou que o sol transmite sua energia para o espa\u00e7o atrav\u00e9s de ondas eletromagn\u00e9ticas de amplo espectro de frequ\u00eancias, denominado espectro solar. A distribui\u00e7\u00e3o da energia pelas diferentes frequ\u00eancias apresenta um ponto m\u00e1ximo em determinada frequ\u00eancia, que depende da temperatura do sol. A Figura 1 apresenta a Irradi\u00e2ncia Espectral Solar medida acima&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40906","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40906"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40906\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44296,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40906\/revisions\/44296"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3721"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41543"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40906"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}