{"id":41106,"date":"2021-08-13T14:49:28","date_gmt":"2021-08-13T17:49:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/?page_id=41106"},"modified":"2024-10-28T17:20:48","modified_gmt":"2024-10-28T20:20:48","slug":"reacoes-nucleares-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/energia-nuclear\/reacoes-nucleares-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Rea\u00e7\u00f5es Nucleares"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><em><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&#8220;A energia nuclear, em termos de hist\u00f3rico de seguran\u00e7a, \u00e9 melhor do que as outras energias.&#8221;<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/quotes\/bill_gates_626269\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bill Gates<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O estudo das rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares demanda muito tempo devido \u00e0 sua complexidade. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No entanto, do ponto de vista de gera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia, utilizam-se modelos simplificados para compreender o funcionamento dos reatores nucleares.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O modelo atual do \u00e1tomo consiste em um n\u00facleo denso polarizado positivamente &#8211; Pr\u00f3tons e N\u00eautrons, envolvido por cargas polarizadas negativamente &#8211; os el\u00e9trons, conforme mostra a Figura 1.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41111\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41111\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41111\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo-2048x1536.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo-1200x900.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo-1980x1485.png 1980w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41111\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 1. Modelo do \u00c1tomo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Conforme mostra a Figura 2, o \u00c1tomo possui muito espa\u00e7o vazio sendo seu di\u00e2metro cem vezes maior do que seu n\u00facleo.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41110\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41110\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41110\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo_1.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo_1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo_1-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo_1-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo_1-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo_1-2048x1536.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo_1-1200x900.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/atomo_1-1980x1485.png 1980w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41110\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 2. Dimens\u00f5es do \u00c1tomo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A nuvem de el\u00e9trons forma uma barreira eletrost\u00e1tica que dificulta a aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o de cargas eletricamente carregadas no n\u00facleo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Nucleons<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<strong>Z pr\u00f3tons<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<strong>N n\u00eautrons <\/strong>formam o n\u00facleo dos \u00e1tomos. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O n\u00famero de pr\u00f3tons Z, conhecido como <strong>n\u00famero at\u00f4mico,<\/strong> define as propriedades qu\u00edmicas do elemento.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por outro lado, o n\u00famero de nucleons &#8211; A &#8211; determina a <strong>massa at\u00f4mica<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 1 apresenta a forma normalmente utilizada para representar os elementos nas equa\u00e7\u00f5es de rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41114\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41114\" style=\"width: 120px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ele_qui-1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41114\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ele_qui-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"87\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41114\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 1. Representa\u00e7\u00e3o dos elementos qu\u00edmicos<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Z \u00e9 o n\u00famero de pr\u00f3tons ou n\u00famero at\u00f4mico;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A \u00e9 a massa at\u00f4mica, que \u00e9 igual \u00e0 soma do n\u00famero de Pr\u00f3tons e N\u00eautrons do \u00e1tomo.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Deve-se observar que a posi\u00e7\u00e3o relativa da massa at\u00f4mica e do n\u00famero at\u00f4mico pode variar dependendo da origem do autor. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contudo, como a massa at\u00f4mica \u00e9 sempre maior ou igual ao n\u00famero at\u00f4mico, torna-se f\u00e1cil verificar a conven\u00e7\u00e3o utilizada.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Denomina-se de <strong>Is\u00f3topos<\/strong> os n\u00facleos com o mesmo n\u00famero at\u00f4mico, mas massa diferente. Eles possuem as mesmas propriedades qu\u00edmicas, mas possuem massa diferente porque possuem quantidades distintas de N\u00eautrons.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='rea\u00e7\u00f5es-nucleares'  id=\"boomdevs_1\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Rea\u00e7\u00f5es Nucleares<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares podem ser escritas das seguintes maneiras:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq%20nuclear1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"40%\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq%20nuclear6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"30%\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os Nucleons com menor n\u00famero at\u00f4mico normalmente aparecem entre os par\u00eanteses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Exemplo:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq%20nuclear2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"80%\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Esta equa\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o explica como ela acontece, n\u00e3o explica se libera ou absorve energia, mas obedece \u00e0s seguintes leis; <strong>conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da carga e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de Nucleons.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Estes princ\u00edpios estabelecem que a quantidade de cargas e de Nucleons devem permanecer constantes apesar da rea\u00e7\u00e3o. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Isto significa que o somat\u00f3rio dos \u00edndices subscritos e dos sobrescritos devem ser iguais nos dois lados da equa\u00e7\u00e3o. <span id='easy-footnote-1-41106' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/energia-nuclear\/reacoes-nucleares-2\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-41106\" title=\" 4 + 6 = 9 +1 e 2 + 3 = 4 +1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares ocorrem normalmente em mais de um est\u00e1gio. Inicialmente, surge um n\u00facleo inst\u00e1vel que se divide posteriormente em dois componentes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Dependendo do que se deseja estudar, o est\u00e1gio intermedi\u00e1rio pode ser desprezado, a menos que o tempo de desintegra\u00e7\u00e3o seja significante.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por exemplo, a captura de um N\u00eautron pelo \u00cdndio-116 gera o \u00cdndio-117 com emiss\u00e3o de raios gama, conforme a equa\u00e7\u00e3o abaixo:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq%20nuclear3.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"50%\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por ser inst\u00e1vel, o \u00cdndio-117 decai da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq%20nuclear4.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"50%\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O decaimento de is\u00f3topos necessita de um determinado tempo para se completar e este tempo depende do is\u00f3topo em quest\u00e3o. Este tempo pode variar de milissegundos a anos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por isso, define-se a <strong>meia vida<\/strong> de determinado is\u00f3topo como sendo o tempo necess\u00e1rio para que metade dos nucleons originais decaia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Omite-se algumas vezes os raios gama das rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares porque n\u00e3o afetam o balan\u00e7o de cargas e nucleons. Isto ocorre, porque eles n\u00e3o possuem massa nem carga. No entanto, deve-se consider\u00e1-los no balan\u00e7o de energia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Ap\u00f3s uma colis\u00e3o nuclear, rea\u00e7\u00e3o ou decaimento, o n\u00facleo fica excitado. Quando ele relaxa e passa para o estado n\u00e3o excitado, ele emite raios gama. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os raios emitidos possuem energia proporcional \u00e0 diferen\u00e7a entre os n\u00edveis qu\u00e2nticos de energia do n\u00facleo excitado e est\u00e1vel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Este fen\u00f4meno equivale \u00e0 emiss\u00e3o de f\u00f3tons originada pela mudan\u00e7a de n\u00edvel de energia dos el\u00e9trons que orbitam o n\u00facleo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A diferen\u00e7a entre eles reside quantidade de energia envolvida. A energia relacionada \u00e0 emiss\u00e3o de f\u00f3tons se encontra da faixa de eV, enquanto a associada aos raios gama ocorre na ordem de MeV.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Resumindo, esta esses s\u00e3o os fen\u00f4menos relacionados com a radioatividade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq%20nuclear5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"30%\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 id='part\u00edculas-at\u00f4micas'  id=\"boomdevs_2\" align=\"justify\">Part\u00edculas At\u00f4micas<\/h2>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em 1896, o f\u00edsico franc\u00eas Antoine Henri Becquerel, em seus estudos sobre subst\u00e2ncias fosforescentes, verificou que compostos de ur\u00e2nio, causavam manchas escuras em chapas fotogr\u00e1ficas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> Mais tarde, ele pode evidenciar que o fen\u00f4meno de fosforesc\u00eancia n\u00e3o ocasionava a radia\u00e7\u00e3o emitida pelo composto de ur\u00e2nio, mas, ao contr\u00e1rio, uma radia\u00e7\u00e3o invis\u00edvel do composto de Ur\u00e2nio produzia o fen\u00f4meno de fosforesc\u00eancia. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O composto de ur\u00e2nio possui uma propriedade, at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o desconhecida, de emitir \u201craios invis\u00edveis&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A partir de 1898, o estudo da radioatividade se desenvolveu e outros elementos radioativos foram descobertos, inclusive o r\u00e1dio, de onde veio o nome \u201cradioativo\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Um elemento radioativo<span id='easy-footnote-2-41106' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/energia-nuclear\/reacoes-nucleares-2\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-41106\" title=\" por exemplo o r\u00e1dio &amp;#8211; Ra\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span> emitindo radia\u00e7\u00e3o em um campo el\u00e9trico permitiu a identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de tr\u00eas tipos de radia\u00e7\u00e3o: Raios Gama, Raios Beta e o Raios Alfa.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por isso, define-se <strong>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Nuclear<\/strong> como as part\u00edculas e energia eletromagn\u00e9tica liberado pelo n\u00facleo dos \u00e1tomos a partir de rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='radioatividade'  id=\"boomdevs_3\" align=\"justify\">Radioatividade<\/h2>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A radioatividade resulta do decaimento radioativo de n\u00facleos inst\u00e1veis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como ainda se desconhece detalhes dessas rea\u00e7\u00f5es, descreve-se o comportamento dos elementos radioativos atrav\u00e9s da estat\u00edstica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Meia-vida consiste no tempo necess\u00e1rio para que metade da massa dos nucleons de um is\u00f3topo radioativo decaia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por exemplo, o Indio-117 possui meia-vida de 54 minutos, enquanto a meia-vida do Ur\u00e2nio-234 se encontra pr\u00f3xima a 245 mil anos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os primeiros estudiosos da radioatividade descobriram que os Raios Alfa sofriam atra\u00e7\u00e3o para a placa negativa, permitindo que se identificasse sua carga positiva. Verificou-se posteriormente que esta radia\u00e7\u00e3o era na verdade uma part\u00edcula composta por dois Pr\u00f3tons e 2 N\u00eautrons <span id='easy-footnote-3-41106' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/energia-nuclear\/reacoes-nucleares-2\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-41106\" title=\" um n\u00facleo de H\u00e9lio sem El\u00e9trons \"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As part\u00edculas alfas possuem alta energia cin\u00e9tica, pois o n\u00facleo, al\u00e9m de liberar os pr\u00f3tons e neutron, tamb\u00e9m libera energia, na forma de energia cin\u00e9tica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por terem massa e carga el\u00e9trica maiores que o raios Beta e Gama, as part\u00edculas Alfa possuem menor capacidade de penetrar na mat\u00e9ria, podendo ser bloqueadas por uma folha de papel. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por isso, elas oferecem menos perigo aos organismos vivos, desde que n\u00e3o penetrem neles. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Se isso ocorrer, ela pode causar s\u00e9rias les\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> O \u00e1tomo que produz uma Part\u00edcula Alfa tamb\u00e9m sofre altera\u00e7\u00e3o significativa porque o n\u00famero de pr\u00f3tons no n\u00facleo determina as propriedades qu\u00edmicas dos \u00e1tomos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Dessa forma, ao emitir uma Part\u00edcula Alfa, o \u00e1tomo perde dois pr\u00f3tons, e assim passa a se comportar de forma diferente em termos qu\u00edmicos, ou seja, de suas combina\u00e7\u00f5es com outros \u00e1tomos para formar compostos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 3 apresenta o decaimento radioativo atrav\u00e9s da emiss\u00e3o de part\u00edculas alfa &#8211; <strong>Decaimento Alfa<\/strong>, que n\u00e3o passa do n\u00facleo de um \u00e1tomo de H\u00e9lio.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41131\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41131\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/alfa.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41131 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/alfa.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/alfa.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/alfa-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/alfa-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41131\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 3. Part\u00edculas Alfa<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Neste caso, o n\u00facleo original era muito grande e as for\u00e7as nucleares foram insuficientes para vencer a repuls\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica. Por isso, este decaimento ocorre apenas em is\u00f3topos de massa at\u00f4mica elevada, normalmente maior que 50.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Parte do n\u00facleo se desprende na forma de part\u00edcula alfa e cria-se um elemento com massa at\u00f4mica menor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Identificou-se a Part\u00edcula Beta resultante de rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares como um El\u00e9tron porque sofrem atra\u00e7\u00e3o da placa positiva do campo el\u00e9trico.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 4 mostra o processo de emiss\u00e3o de part\u00edculas Beta, denominado de\u00a0<strong>decaimento Beta<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41136\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41136\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/beta_menos.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41136 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/beta_menos.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/beta_menos.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/beta_menos-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/beta_menos-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41136\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 4. Decaimento Beta &#8211;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">N\u00facleos inst\u00e1veis, devido ao n\u00famero excessivo de n\u00eautrons, se estabilizam atrav\u00e9s da transforma\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00eautron em pr\u00f3ton e, em fun\u00e7\u00e3o disso, emite uma part\u00edcula Beta para manter o bala\u00e7o de cargas el\u00e9tricas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por serem mais leves do que as part\u00edculas Alfa, as part\u00edculas Beta possuem um poder de penetra\u00e7\u00e3o maior. Contudo, como possuem carga el\u00e9trica, a mat\u00e9ria tamb\u00e9m as absorve rapidamente ou as desvia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 5 mostra o <strong>decaimento<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Captura de El\u00e9tron<\/strong>. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Quando um n\u00facleo se torna inst\u00e1vel devido \u00e0 grande rela\u00e7\u00e3o de Pr\u00f3tons por N\u00eautrons, o Pr\u00f3ton pode capturar um El\u00e9tron e se transformar em N\u00eautron. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Neste caso, como se trata de um processo de captura de um el\u00e9tron livre, ele n\u00e3o afeta a mat\u00e9ria nas proximidades da rea\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41138\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41138\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/captura_eletron.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41138 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/captura_eletron.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/captura_eletron.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/captura_eletron-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/captura_eletron-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41138\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 5. Captura de El\u00e9tron<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O <strong>Decaimento Beta+ <\/strong>consiste noutra forma de transforma\u00e7\u00e3o do Pr\u00f3ton em N\u00eautron, conforme mostra a Figura 6. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Neste caso, o Pr\u00f3ton se transforma em N\u00eautron atrav\u00e9s da emiss\u00e3o de um <strong>P\u00f3sitron<\/strong><span id='easy-footnote-4-41106' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/geracao-termica\/energia-nuclear\/reacoes-nucleares-2\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-41106\" title=\"O P\u00f3sitron \u00e9 um El\u00e9tron com carga positiva\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span>, que possui poder de penetra\u00e7\u00e3o semelhante ao da part\u00edcula Beta.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41140\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41140\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Beta-1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41140 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Beta-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Beta-1.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Beta-1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Beta-1-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41140\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 6. Decaimento Beta +<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Finalmente, a Figura 7 mostra o decaimento radioativo atrav\u00e9s da emiss\u00e3o de energia eletromagn\u00e9tica na forma de <strong>raios gama<\/strong>. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por se tratar de um F\u00f3ton de alta energia, a radia\u00e7\u00e3o gama \u00e9 a mais penetrante e perigosa de todas.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41141\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41141\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/gama.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41141 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/gama.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/gama.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/gama-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/gama-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41141\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 7. Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Gama<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id='prote\u00e7\u00e3o-contra-radia\u00e7\u00e3o-nuclear'  id=\"boomdevs_4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Nuclear<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As tr\u00eas melhores maneiras de se proteger contra a radia\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear s\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Tempo<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Dist\u00e2ncia<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Blindagem<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como os efeitos da radia\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear dependem do tempo de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o, a primeira forma de prote\u00e7\u00e3o consiste em <strong>minimizar este tempo<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como a radia\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear decai com o quadrado da dist\u00e2ncia, outra forma de prote\u00e7\u00e3o se resume em <strong>manter dist\u00e2ncias das fontes emissoras<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Finalmente, como a radia\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear que afeta a mat\u00e9ria necessita atingi-la, a <strong>blindagem ou escudos funcionam como barreiras de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por exemplo, por isso utiliza-se coletes de chumbo para a prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra raios-X.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id='contamina\u00e7\u00e3o-radioativa'  id=\"boomdevs_5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contamina\u00e7\u00e3o Radioativa<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Classifica-se a contamina\u00e7\u00e3o radioativa como:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Externa.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Interna.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A <strong>Contamina\u00e7\u00e3o Externa<\/strong> ocorre apenas na superf\u00edcie externa do corpo e resulta principalmente das formas de radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletricamente carregadas &#8211; radia\u00e7\u00e3o alfa e beta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Torna-se importante distinguir Contamina\u00e7\u00e3o da Radia\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A <strong>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Nuclear<\/strong> consiste na emiss\u00e3o de part\u00edculas respons\u00e1veis pela radioatividade. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por outro lado, a <strong>Contamina\u00e7\u00e3o Nuclear<\/strong> ocorre quando qualquer material radioativo entra em contato com a pele ou ingressa no corpo humano.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A lavagem com \u00e1gua e sab\u00e3o representa a melhor forma de descontamina\u00e7\u00e3o externa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A contamina\u00e7\u00e3o interna se torna mais perigosa e ocorre principalmente pelas formas de radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletricamente neutras &#8211; Raios Gama e N\u00eautrons, porque a pele n\u00e3o os det\u00e9m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contudo, todas as formas de radia\u00e7\u00e3o podem causar contamina\u00e7\u00e3o interna se material radioativo for ingerido e\/ou absorvido pelos seres vivos atrav\u00e9s de feridas e\/ou mucosas &#8211; boca, nariz, olhos etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id='media\u00e7\u00e3o-de-radia\u00e7\u00e3o'  id=\"boomdevs_6\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Media\u00e7\u00e3o de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os seres humanos n\u00e3o conseguem detectar a radia\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear. Por isso, medi\u00e7\u00f5es indiretas se tornam necess\u00e1rias.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A unidade de radia\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear \u00e9 o <strong>rem<\/strong>\u00a0(<strong>R<\/strong>oentgen\u00a0<strong>E<\/strong>quivalent in\u00a0<strong>M<\/strong>an) que representa a quantidade de radia\u00e7\u00e3o necess\u00e1ria para causar determinado tipo de dano no tecido humano.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Outra unidade utilizada na medi\u00e7\u00e3o da radia\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear \u00e9 o <strong>Sievert<\/strong> (<strong>Sv<\/strong>), que equivale a\u00a0<strong>100 rems<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id='doses-de-radia\u00e7\u00e3o'  id=\"boomdevs_7\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Doses de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Os efeitos das doses de radia\u00e7\u00e3o no corpo humano ainda n\u00e3o s\u00e3o totalmente determinados por falta de dados experimentais.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As bombas at\u00f4micas de Hiroshima e Nagasaki propiciaram os primeiros dados pr\u00e1ticos para o estudo da radioatividade em seres humanos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Posteriormente, os acidentes com o C\u00e9sio em Goiania, Chernobyl e, recentemente, Fukushima forneceram mais dados para aumentarmos nosso conhecimento sobre o efeito da radia\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contudo, com o atual conhecimento, doses de radia\u00e7\u00e3o superiores a 300 rems causam perda tempor\u00e1ria de cabelos e efeitos internos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Metade das pessoas submetidas at\u00e9 450 rems morre e a taxa de mortalidade sobe para praticamente 100% com doses superiores a 800 rems.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='energia-at\u00f4mica'  id=\"boomdevs_8\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Energia At\u00f4mica<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O c\u00e1lculo da energia envolvida nas rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares se baseia na equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Einstein.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq_einstein.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"20%\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">E \u00e9 a energia total do n\u00facleo;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">m \u00e9 a massa do n\u00facleo;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">c \u00e9 a velocidade da luz.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No entanto, a massa utilizada nesta express\u00e3o precisa levar em considera\u00e7\u00e3o a velocidade relativ\u00edstica das part\u00edculas de acordo com:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq%20nuclear7.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"30%\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">m<sub>0<\/sub> \u00e9 a massa da part\u00edcula em repouso;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">v \u00e9 a velocidade da part\u00edcula;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">c \u00e9 a velocidade da luz.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Para velocidades menores do que a velocidade da luz, pode-se aproximar a energia total por:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq%20nuclear8.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"50%\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">m<sub>o<\/sub> \u00e9 a massa em repouso;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">c \u00e9 a velocidade da luz;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">v \u00e9 a velocidade da part\u00edcula.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Utiliza-se esta aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o para N\u00eautrons e nucleons utilizados em reatores nucleares. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A primeira parcela representa a energia em repouso e a segunda a energia cin\u00e9tica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No caso de part\u00edculas sem massa, como os raios gama, utiliza-se a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Planck:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq%20nuclear9.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"20%\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">h \u00e9 a constante de Planck;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">v \u00e9 a frequ\u00eancia.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Portanto, pode-se escrever a lei de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia de uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear gen\u00e9rica da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq%20nuclear10.gif\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">E<sub>x<\/sub> \u00e9 a energia cin\u00e9tica do componente X da rea\u00e7\u00e3o;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Mx \u00e9 a massa em repouso do componente X da rea\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Portanto, a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o fornece o balan\u00e7o de energia da rea\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41156\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41156\" style=\"width: 893px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DE_nuclear.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41156 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DE_nuclear.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"893\" height=\"55\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DE_nuclear.png 893w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DE_nuclear-300x18.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DE_nuclear-768x47.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 893px) 100vw, 893px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41156\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Para valores de Q maiores que zero, considera-se a rea\u00e7\u00e3o exot\u00e9rmica e, quando menor do que zero, considera-se endot\u00e9rmica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em rea\u00e7\u00f5es exot\u00e9rmicas, massa se transforma em energia, e o oposto ocorre no caso de rea\u00e7\u00f5es endot\u00e9rmicas.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='defeito-de-massa'  id=\"boomdevs_9\" align=\"justify\">Defeito de Massa<\/h2>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Defeito de massa<\/strong> equivale \u00e0 diferen\u00e7a de massa existente entre determinado \u00e1tomo e o somat\u00f3rio das massas dos seus elementos, conforme a express\u00e3o abaixo:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq_def_massa.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"50%\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u0394 \u00e9 o defeito de massa;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Z \u00e9 o n\u00famero de Pr\u00f3tons no n\u00facleo;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">N \u00e9 o n\u00famero de N\u00eautrons;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">M<sub>p<\/sub> \u00e9 a massa do Pr\u00f3ton;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">m<sub>e<\/sub> \u00e9 a massa do El\u00e9tron;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">M<sub>n<\/sub> \u00e9 a massa do N\u00eautron livre;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">M<sub>x<\/sub> \u00e9 a massa do n\u00facleo do is\u00f3topo.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">De acordo com Povh, a massa do n\u00facleo do is\u00f3topo pode ser aproximada por:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/massa_atomica.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"100%\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O defeito de massa possui valores positivos para todos os elementos, <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u00a0e multiplicado pela velocidade da luz ao quadrado fornece o valor da <strong>Energia de Liga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0do n\u00facleo (El=\u0394.c\u00b2).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Quanto maior for essa energia, maior ser\u00e1 a estabilidade do n\u00facleo. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Portanto, a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o representa a energia necess\u00e1ria para separar totalmente os nucleons de determinado elemento.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser normalizada pelo n\u00famero de nucleons da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/Images\/eq_energia_liga.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15%\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A figura abaixo apresenta a varia\u00e7\u00e3o da energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o normalizada para diversos nucleons.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\">\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"78\"\n     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Energia de Liga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id='refer\u00eancias'  id=\"boomdevs_10\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Refer\u00eancias<\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Beiser, A., Theory and Problems of Applied Physics, 4 ed, 2004, McGraw-Hill.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Bodansky, D., Nuclear Energy, 2 ed., 2004, Springer-Verlag.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Lewis, E. E., Fundamentals of Nuclear Reactor Physics, 2008, Elsevier.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Povh,B., Scholz, C., Rith, K., Zetsche,F., Particules and Nuclei &#8211; An Introduction to the Physical Concepts, 4a edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Springer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nndc.bnl.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">National Nuclear Data Center<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;A energia nuclear, em termos de hist\u00f3rico de seguran\u00e7a, \u00e9 melhor do que as outras energias.&#8221; Bill Gates O estudo das rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares demanda muito tempo devido \u00e0 sua complexidade. No entanto, do ponto de vista de gera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia, utilizam-se modelos simplificados para compreender o funcionamento dos reatores nucleares. O modelo atual do \u00e1tomo [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":41107,"parent":7026,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-41106","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/reacoes_nucleares.png",1920,450,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/reacoes_nucleares-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/reacoes_nucleares-300x70.png",300,70,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/reacoes_nucleares-768x180.png",580,136,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/reacoes_nucleares-1024x240.png",580,136,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/reacoes_nucleares-1536x360.png",1536,360,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/reacoes_nucleares-2048x480.png",2048,480,true],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/reacoes_nucleares-1200x281.png",1200,281,true],"twentytwenty-fullscreen":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/reacoes_nucleares-1980x464.png",1980,464,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/author\/admin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"&#8220;A energia nuclear, em termos de hist\u00f3rico de seguran\u00e7a, \u00e9 melhor do que as outras energias.&#8221; Bill Gates O estudo das rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares demanda muito tempo devido \u00e0 sua complexidade. 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O modelo atual do \u00e1tomo&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41106","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41106"}],"version-history":[{"count":51,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41106\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":45012,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41106\/revisions\/45012"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7026"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41107"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41106"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}