{"id":4743,"date":"2015-12-22T13:55:51","date_gmt":"2015-12-22T16:55:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/?p=4743"},"modified":"2021-01-17T12:21:19","modified_gmt":"2021-01-17T15:21:19","slug":"revisao-de-termodinamica","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/revisao-de-termodinamica\/","title":{"rendered":"Revis\u00e3o de Termodin\u00e2mica"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><em><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">&#8220;Nada na vida \u00e9 certo, exceto a morte, os impostos e a segunda lei da termodin\u00e2mica.&#8221;<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/authors\/seth-lloyd-quotes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seth Lloyd<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A primeira Lei da Termodin\u00e2mica relaciona a varia\u00e7\u00e3o da <strong>Energia Interna<\/strong> (dU) com o <strong>Calor<\/strong> (Q), a <strong>Press\u00e3o<\/strong> (p) e o <strong>Volume<\/strong> (V) da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4735\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4735\" style=\"width: 462px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/energia_int.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4735\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4735 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/energia_int.png\" alt=\"Varia\u00e7\u00e3o da Energia Interna\" width=\"462\" height=\"124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/energia_int.png 462w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/energia_int-300x81.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 462px) 100vw, 462px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4735\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 1. Energia Interna<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">dU \u00e9 a varia\u00e7\u00e3o da energia interna do sistema;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u03b4Q \u00e9 a varia\u00e7\u00e3o de calor no sistema;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">p \u00e9 a press\u00e3o no sistema;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">dV \u00e9 a varia\u00e7\u00e3o de volume no sistema.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O termo p.dV tamb\u00e9m representa o <strong>Trabalho &#8211; W<\/strong> &#8211; realizado pelo sistema.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Define-se <strong>Entalpia &#8211; H &#8211;<\/strong> de um sistema t\u00e9rmico e sua varia\u00e7\u00e3o da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4733\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4733\" style=\"width: 675px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4733\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4733 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia.png\" alt=\"Entalpia\" width=\"675\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia.png 675w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia-300x85.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4733\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 2. Entalpia<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">H \u00e9 a entalpia do sistema;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">dH \u00e9 a varia\u00e7\u00e3o da entalpia do sistema;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">U \u00e9 a energia interna;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">p \u00e9 a press\u00e3o no sistema;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">dV \u00e9 a varia\u00e7\u00e3o de volume no sistema.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V \u00e9 o volume do sistema;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">dp \u00e9 a varia\u00e7\u00e3o de press\u00e3o no sistema.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Substituindo a equa\u00e7\u00e3o 1 na equa\u00e7\u00e3o 2, teremos que a varia\u00e7\u00e3o de Entalpia depende da varia\u00e7\u00e3o de Calor e da varia\u00e7\u00e3o de Press\u00e3o, conforme as express\u00f5es abaixo:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4736\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4736\" style=\"width: 880px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia1.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4736\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4736 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia1.png\" alt=\"Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 3\" width=\"880\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia1.png 880w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia1-300x65.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia1-768x167.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4736\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 3. Varia\u00e7\u00e3o da Entalpia<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As equa\u00e7\u00f5es 1 e 3 tamb\u00e9m podem ser escritas da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4739\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4739\" style=\"width: 462px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia_energia.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4739\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4739 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia_energia.png\" alt=\"Equa\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"462\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia_energia.png 462w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/entalpia_energia-300x124.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 462px) 100vw, 462px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4739\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 4<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Definindo Capacidade T\u00e9rmica (C) como a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre a Varia\u00e7\u00e3o de Calor e a Varia\u00e7\u00e3o de Temperatura, teremos que:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4741\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4741\" style=\"width: 502px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/capacidade_calor.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4741\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4741 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/capacidade_calor.png\" alt=\"Equa\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"502\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/capacidade_calor.png 502w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/capacidade_calor-300x114.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4741\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 5. Capacidade T\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">C<sub>p<\/sub> \u00e9 a Capacidade T\u00e9rmica \u00e0 press\u00e3o constante;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">C<sub>v<\/sub> \u00e9 a Capacidade T\u00e9rmica a volume constante.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Todas as grandezas acima s\u00e3o extr\u00ednsecas, isto \u00e9, dependem da massa e\/ou volume. Por isso, costuma-se trabalhar com grandezas normalizadas tendo a massa como base. O resultado desta normaliza\u00e7\u00e3o resulta nas seguintes grandezas:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">h \u00e9 a Entalpia Espec\u00edfica [J\/kg ou J\/mol];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">s \u00e9 a Entropia Espec\u00edfica [J\/kg\/K ou J\/mol\/K].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A <strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Capacidade T\u00e9rmi<\/span>ca<\/strong> constitui uma propriedade t\u00e9rmica extr\u00ednseca dos materiais, e a grandeza intr\u00ednseca associada denomina-se de <strong>Calor Espec\u00edfico<\/strong>, definida como a Capacidade T\u00e9rmica dividida pela massa do material.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5 id='defini\u00e7\u00f5es-e-unidades'  id=\"boomdevs_1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Defini\u00e7\u00f5es e Unidades<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">C \u00e9 a Capacidade T\u00e9rmica [J\/K];<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">c \u00e9 o Calor Espec\u00edfico [J\/kg\/K] ou [J\/mol\/K];<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Q \u00e9 o Calor [J];<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">T \u00e9 a Temperatura [K] ou [\u00b0C];<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">U \u00e9 a Energia Interna [J];<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">p \u00e9 a Press\u00e3o [Pa];<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V \u00e9 o Volume [m<sup>3<\/sup>];<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">H \u00e9 a Entalpia [J];<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">m \u00e9 a Massa [kg] ou [mol].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A figura abaixo a apresenta a varia\u00e7\u00e3o do Calor Espec\u00edfico em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da temperatura para diferentes materiais. Observa-se que ambos (C<sub>p <\/sub>e C<sub>v<\/sub>) aumentam com a temperatura a partir do zero absoluto, mas passam a ter comportamento distinto a partir da temperatura de vaporiza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4748\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4748\" style=\"width: 560px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/cp_cv.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4748\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4748 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/cp_cv.png\" alt=\"Calor Espec\u00edfico\" width=\"560\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/cp_cv.png 560w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/cp_cv-300x229.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4748\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Figura 1. Varia\u00e7\u00e3o do Calor Espec\u00edfico com a Temperatura<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Para gases ideais, os dois valores de calor espec\u00edfico se relacionam da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4751\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4751\" style=\"width: 294px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/cp_cv_ideal.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4751\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4751 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/cp_cv_ideal.png\" alt=\"Calor Espec\u00edfico Gases Ideais\" width=\"294\" height=\"70\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4751\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 6 Rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre Cp e Cv para gases ideais<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Na pr\u00e1tica, a varia\u00e7\u00e3o do calor espec\u00edfico com a temperatura pode ser aproximada por polin\u00f4mios de quarta ordem, conforme a express\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4766\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4766\" style=\"width: 1011px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/cp_formula.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4766\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4766 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/cp_formula.png\" alt=\"Calor Espec\u00edfico x Temperatura\" width=\"1011\" height=\"79\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/cp_formula.png 1011w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/cp_formula-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/cp_formula-768x60.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1011px) 100vw, 1011px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4766\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 7<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Para s\u00f3lidos, a aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o necessita apenas dos termos at\u00e9 segundo grau.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><h2 id=\"tablepress-32-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-32\">Calor Espec\u00edfico dos S\u00f3lidos - Cp<\/h2>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-32\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-32\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-32-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-32-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">F\u00f3rmula<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">A<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">B<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">C<\/th><th class=\"column-5\">Tmin<br \/>\n (K)<\/th><th class=\"column-6\">Tmax<br \/>\n(K)<\/th><th class=\"column-7\">Cp<br \/>\n(@25 oC)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">23,7<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5,0e-3<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">2,8e-7<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">203<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">925<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">25,24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Al<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">19,1<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1,6e-2<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">-5,1e-7<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">205<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">873<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">23,70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">C<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">-0,8<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">3,5e-2<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">-1,3e-5<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">200<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">1100<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">8,40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">CO2<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">41,2<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">3,1e-2<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">6,4e-5<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">150<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">210<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">---<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Cu<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">22,0<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">8,8e-3<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">-1,1e-6<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">373<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">1273<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">---<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H2O<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">9,7<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">7,5e-2<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">-1,6e-5<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">150<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">273<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">----<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">NaCl<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">41,3<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">3,4e-2<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">1,4e-5<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">200<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">1074<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">50,10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span id=\"tablepress-32-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-32\">Cp [J\/mol\/K], T[K]<br \/>\nYaws, Carl L. \"Heat Capacity of Solids.\" Chemical Properties Handbook: Physical, Thermodynamic, Environmental, Transport, Safety, and Health Related Properties for Organic and Inorganic Chemicals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 779. Print.<\/span>\n<!-- #tablepress-32 from cache --><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><h2 id=\"tablepress-35-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-35\">Calor Espec\u00edfico de L\u00edquidos Org\u00e2nicos<\/h2>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-35\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-35\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-35-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-35-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">F\u00f3rmula<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">A <\/th><th class=\"column-3\">B<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">C<\/th><th class=\"column-5\">D<\/th><th class=\"column-6\">Tmin<\/th><th class=\"column-7\">Tmax<\/th><th class=\"column-8\">Cp@ 25C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">CH4<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">-0,02<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1,20<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">-9,9e-3<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">3,2e-5<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">92<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">172<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">C2H6O<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">59,3<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">3,64e-1<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">-1,2e-3<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">1,8e-6<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">160<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">465<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">107,4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H2O<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">92,1<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">-4,0e-2<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">-2,1e-4<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">5,4e-7<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">273<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">615<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">75,55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span id=\"tablepress-35-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-35\">Cp [J\/mol\/K], T[K]<br \/>\nYaws, Carl L. \"Heat Capacity of Liquids.\" Chemical Properties Handbook: Physical, Thermodynamic, Environmental, Transport, Safety, and Health Related Properties for Organic and Inorganic Chemicals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 779. Print.<\/span>\n<!-- #tablepress-35 from cache --><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><h2 id=\"tablepress-34-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-34\">Calor Espec\u00edfico de Gases<\/h2>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-34\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-34\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-34-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-34-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">F\u00f3rmula<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">A<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">B<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">C <\/th><th class=\"column-5\">D<\/th><th class=\"column-6\">E<\/th><th class=\"column-7\">Tmin<\/th><th class=\"column-8\">Tmax<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">CH4<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">34,9<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">-4,00e-2<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">1,92e-4<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">-1,53e-7<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">3,93e-11<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">50<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">1500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">CO<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">29,6<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">-6,6e-3<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">2,01e-5<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">-1,22e-8<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">2,26e-12<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">60<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">1500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">CO2<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">27,44<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4,23e-2<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">-1,96e-5<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">4,00e-9<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">-2,99e-13<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">50<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">5000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">C2H6O<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">27,09<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1,11e-1<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">1,10ee-4<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">-1,50e-7<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">4,66e-11<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">100<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">1500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H2<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">25,4<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">2,02e-2<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">-3,85e-5<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">3,19e-8<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">-8,76e-12<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">250<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">1500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H2O<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">33,93<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">-8,42e-3<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">2,99e-5<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">-1,78e-8<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">3,69e-12<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">100<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">1500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ar<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span id=\"tablepress-34-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-34\">Cp [J\/mol\/K], T[K]<br \/>\nYaws, Carl L. \"Heat Capacity of Gases.\" Chemical Properties Handbook: Physical, Thermodynamic, Environmental, Transport, Safety, and Health Related Properties for Organic and Inorganic Chemicals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 779. Print.<\/span>\n<!-- #tablepress-34 from cache --><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m da Entalpia, a Termodin\u00e2mica utiliza o conceito da <strong>Entropia &#8211; S<\/strong>, definido como a varia\u00e7\u00e3o de calor pela Temperatura.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29855\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29855\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/entropia_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29855 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/entropia_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"80\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29855\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 8. Entalpia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">S \u00e9 a Entropia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Q \u00e9 o Calor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">T \u00e9 a temperatura.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Substituindo a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 8 na Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 1, obtemos a seguinte express\u00e3o, que relaciona a Entropia com a Energia Interna, a Temperatura, a Press\u00e3o e o Volume:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29857\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29857\" style=\"width: 327px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/entropia_2.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29857 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/entropia_2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"327\" height=\"43\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/entropia_2.png 327w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/entropia_2-300x39.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 327px) 100vw, 327px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29857\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 9.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id='gases-ideais'  id=\"boomdevs_2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Gases Ideais<\/span><\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A express\u00e3o abaixo estabelece a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre press\u00e3o, volume e temperatura de gases ideais superaquecidos:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4927\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4927\" style=\"width: 420px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/gases_ideais.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4927\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4927 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/gases_ideais.png\" alt=\"Equa\u00e7\u00e3o \" width=\"420\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/gases_ideais.png 420w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/gases_ideais-300x136.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4927\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 8<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">p \u00e9 a press\u00e3o [N\/m<sup>2<\/sup>];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V \u00e9 o volume [m<sup>3<\/sup>];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">m \u00e9 a massa [kg];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">n \u00e9 a massa [mol];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">R \u00e9 a constante espec\u00edfica do g\u00e1s [kJ\/kg\/K] ou [kJ\/mol\/K];<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">T \u00e9 a temperatura [K];<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=''  id=\"boomdevs_3\"><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;Nada na vida \u00e9 certo, exceto a morte, os impostos e a segunda lei da termodin\u00e2mica.&#8221; Seth Lloyd A primeira Lei da Termodin\u00e2mica relaciona a varia\u00e7\u00e3o da Energia Interna (dU) com o Calor (Q), a Press\u00e3o (p) e o Volume (V) da seguinte maneira: Onde: dU \u00e9 a varia\u00e7\u00e3o da energia interna do sistema; \u03b4Q [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23932,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4743","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/maq_vapor.png",1200,280,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/maq_vapor-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/maq_vapor-300x70.png",300,70,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/maq_vapor-768x179.png",580,135,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/maq_vapor-1024x239.png",580,135,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/maq_vapor.png",1200,280,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/maq_vapor.png",1200,280,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/maq_vapor.png",1200,280,false],"twentytwenty-fullscreen":["https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/maq_vapor.png",1200,280,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/author\/admin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"&#8220;Nada na vida \u00e9 certo, exceto a morte, os impostos e a segunda lei da termodin\u00e2mica.&#8221; Seth Lloyd A primeira Lei da Termodin\u00e2mica relaciona a varia\u00e7\u00e3o da Energia Interna (dU) com o Calor (Q), a Press\u00e3o (p) e o Volume (V) da seguinte maneira: Onde: dU \u00e9 a varia\u00e7\u00e3o da energia interna do sistema; \u03b4Q&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4743","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4743"}],"version-history":[{"count":33,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4743\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29889,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4743\/revisions\/29889"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23932"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4743"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}