{"id":7825,"date":"2019-10-29T17:38:28","date_gmt":"2019-10-29T20:38:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/?page_id=7825"},"modified":"2023-07-07T17:27:37","modified_gmt":"2023-07-07T20:27:37","slug":"celulas-solares","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/celulas-solares\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e9lulas Fotovoltaicas"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&#8220;<strong>Nos pr\u00f3ximos cem anos, teremos de cobrir toda a superf\u00edcie da terra com c\u00e9lulas solares se quisermos manter o crescimento do consumo energ\u00e9tico.&#8221;<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em>Jeff Bezos<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As c\u00e9lulas fotovoltaicas ou c\u00e9lulas solares s\u00e3o os elementos fundamentais da atual tecnologia de energia solar.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Apesar das in\u00fameras vantagens da energia fotovoltaica, as c\u00e9lulas solares possuem a menor efici\u00eancia de convers\u00e3o dentre todas as fontes de energia porque <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">absorvem apenas alguns comprimentos de onda da <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-termicas\/radiacao-termica\/\">radia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/a> solar.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 id='c\u00e9lulas-fotovoltaicas'  id=\"boomdevs_1\">C\u00e9lulas Fotovoltaicas<\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Jun\u00e7\u00f5es de semicondutores dos tipos P e N formam a unidade b\u00e1sica das c\u00e9lulas solares. A Figura 1 mostra o fluxo luminoso dentro dessas unidades.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_7831\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7831\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7831 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/celula_solar_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/celula_solar_1.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/celula_solar_1-300x227.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7831\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 1. C\u00e9lula Fotovoltaica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Nem toda a luz solar penetra nas c\u00e9lulas, porque reflex\u00f5es ocorrem nos contatos (R<sub>c<\/sub>), na superf\u00edcie da c\u00e9lula (R<sub>s<\/sub>), e no fundo da c\u00e9lula (R<sub>f<\/sub>). A c\u00e9lula absorve somente parte da energia incidente e parte da refletida pelo fundo da c\u00e9lula. Todas as parcelas refletidas para fora da c\u00e9lula n\u00e3o geram energia e reduzem a sua efici\u00eancia. Consequentemente, o projeto das c\u00e9lulas fotovoltaicas procura minimizar as \u00e1reas de contato e a reflex\u00e3o nas superficies interna e externa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A absor\u00e7\u00e3o de energia ocorre de acordo com a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/atomos\/fisica-quantica\/\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Planck, <\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">que recebeu o <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1918\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pr\u00eamio Nobel de F\u00edsica de 1918<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Planck\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planck<\/a> estabeleceu que a energia se relacionava com a frequ\u00eancia atrav\u00e9s de uma constante, denominada em sua homenagem de <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Planck_constant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Constante de Planck<\/a>, conforme mostra a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 1.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22419\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22419\" style=\"width: 267px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/planck_2.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22419 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/planck_2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"267\" height=\"83\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22419\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 1. Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Planck<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">E \u00e9 a energia [J];<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">h \u00e9 a constante de Planck [6,626 069 57 E-34 J.s];<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">f \u00e9 a frequ\u00eancia [Hz];<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">c \u00e9 a velocidade da luz [299 792 458 m\/s];<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">\u03bb \u00e9 o comprimento de onda [m].<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong>Einstein<\/strong> demonstrou que o aumento da energia das cargas retiradas pelo <strong>efeito fotoel\u00e9trico depende do aumento da frequ\u00eancia da luz<\/strong> (sua energia). <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m disso, a energia da luz deveria ser maior do que a energia que mantinha a carga presa ao metal. Esta descoberta deu a <a href=\"http:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Einstein\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Einstein<\/a> o Pr\u00eamio <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1921\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nobel de F\u00edsica de 1921<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/estrutura-da-materia\/atomos\/fisica-quantica\/\">Mec\u00e2nica Qu\u00e2ntica <\/a>surgiu, evoluiu e originou os semicondutores. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Eles revolucionaram a Eletr\u00f4nica, criaram os computadores, a Eletr\u00f4nica de Pot\u00eancia, e a Gera\u00e7\u00e3o Fotovoltaica. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Portanto, passaram-se 100 anos entre as primeiras descobertas da F\u00edsica at\u00e9 o crescimento de uma nova tecnologia de Gera\u00e7\u00e3o de Energia El\u00e9trica.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> Pela primeira vez na hist\u00f3ria, a humanidade se tornou capaz de gerar eletricidade sem partes m\u00f3veis e de maneira totalmente el\u00e9trica.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 id='materiais-semicondutores'  id=\"boomdevs_2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Materiais Semicondutores<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 2 apresenta os <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/classificacao-dos-materiais\/semicondutores\/\">elementos qu\u00edmicos semicondutores<\/a> respons\u00e1veis pela fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os dispositivos eletr\u00f4nicos modernos, e a Tabela 1 apresenta as subst\u00e2ncias<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> qu\u00edmicas formadas por esses elementos para fabricar c\u00e9lulas solares e dispositivos eletr\u00f4nicos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44322\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44322\" style=\"width: 386px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44322 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Xnip2023-06-06_18-38-38.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"386\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Xnip2023-06-06_18-38-38.png 386w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Xnip2023-06-06_18-38-38-300x255.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 386px) 100vw, 386px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44322\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 2. Elementos qu\u00edmicos semicondutores<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O gap de energia (E<sub>g<\/sub>) dos semicondutores representa a menor energia luminosa necess\u00e1ria para produzir o efeito fotoel\u00e9trico. Os valores de Eg variam entre 0,18 eV para o Antimoneto de Indio <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">(InSb) e 3,6 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/unidades-de-energia\/\">eV<\/a> para o Sulfeto de Zinco (ZnS) de acordo com a Tabela 1.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c wdt-skin-light\">\n    \n    <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"wdtNonceFrontendServerSide_167\" name=\"wdtNonceFrontendServerSide_167\" value=\"38d8960027\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wp_http_referer\" value=\"\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7825\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"wdtFrontendelementorNonce_167\" name=\"wdtFrontendelementorNonce_167\" value=\"5c953d123a\" \/>    <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"table_1_desc\"\n           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   <table id=\"table_1\"\n           class=\"  responsive display nowrap wdt-no-display data-t data-t wpDataTable wpDataTableID-167 \"\n           style=\"\"\n           data-described-by='table_1_desc'\n           data-wpdatatable_id=\"167\">\n        \n        <!-- Table header -->\n        \n<thead>\n    <tr>\n                                    <th\n                data-class=\"expand\"                                class=\"sort \"\n                style=\"\">Material            <\/th>\n                    <th\n                                                class=\"sort numdata integer \"\n                style=\"\">            <\/th>\n                    <th\n                                                class=\"sort numdata float \"\n                style=\"\">Eg [eV]            <\/th>\n                    <th\n                                                class=\"sort numdata float \"\n                style=\"\">\u03bcn [cm\/(V.s)]            <\/th>\n                    <th\n                                                class=\"sort numdata float \"\n                style=\"\">\u03bcp [cm\/(V.s)]            <\/th>\n                    <th\n                                                class=\"sort numdata float \"\n                style=\"\">\u03b5r            <\/th>\n                    <th\n                                                class=\"sort numdata float \"\n                style=\"\">\u2374m [g\/cm3]            <\/th>\n                    <th\n                                                class=\"sort \"\n                style=\"\">Tipo            <\/th>\n                    <\/tr>\n<tr>\n                    <th\n        data-class=\"expand\"                class=\" wdtheader sort \"\n        style=\"\">        Material<\/th>        <th\n                        class=\" wdtheader sort numdata integer \"\n        style=\"\">        wdt_ID<\/th>        <th\n                        class=\" wdtheader sort numdata float \"\n        style=\"\">        Eg [eV]<\/th>        <th\n                        class=\" wdtheader sort numdata float \"\n        style=\"\">        \u03bcn [cm\/(V.s)]<\/th>        <th\n                        class=\" wdtheader sort numdata float \"\n        style=\"\">        \u03bcp [cm\/(V.s)]<\/th>        <th\n                        class=\" wdtheader sort numdata float \"\n        style=\"\">        \u03b5r<\/th>        <th\n                        class=\" wdtheader sort numdata float \"\n        style=\"\">        \u2374m [g\/cm3]<\/th>        <th\n                        class=\" wdtheader sort \"\n        style=\"\">        Tipo<\/th>    <\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n        <!-- \/Table header -->\n\n        <!-- Table body -->\n        \n<tbody>\n<!-- Table body -->\n<div data-id=\"167\"\n     class=\"wdt-timeline-item wdt-timeline-table_1\"\n     style=\"\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader\">\n        <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row wdt-table-loader-header\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-header-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-header-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-header-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div><!-- \/Table body -->\n                    <tr id=\"table_167_row_0\"\n            data-row-index=\"0\">\n                            <td style=\"\">Si<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1,1<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1.350,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">480,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">118,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">2,3<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Indireto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_1\"\n            data-row-index=\"1\">\n                            <td style=\"\">Ge<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">0,7<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">3.900,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1.900,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">16,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">5,3<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Indireto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_2\"\n            data-row-index=\"2\">\n                            <td style=\"\">SiC<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">3<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">2,9<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">500,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">-1,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">10,2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">3,2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Indireto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_3\"\n            data-row-index=\"3\">\n                            <td style=\"\">AlP<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">4<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">2,5<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">80,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">-1,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">9,8<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">2,4<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Indireto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_4\"\n            data-row-index=\"4\">\n                            <td style=\"\">AlAs<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">5<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">2,2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1.200,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">420,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">10,9<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">3,6<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Indireto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_5\"\n            data-row-index=\"5\">\n                            <td style=\"\">AlSb<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">6<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1,6<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">200,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">300,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">11,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">4,3<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Indireto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_6\"\n            data-row-index=\"6\">\n                            <td style=\"\">GaP<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">7<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">2,3<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">300,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">150,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">11,1<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">4,1<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Indireto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_7\"\n            data-row-index=\"7\">\n                            <td style=\"\">GaAs<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">8<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1,4<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">8.500,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">400,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">13,2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">5,3<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_8\"\n            data-row-index=\"8\">\n                            <td style=\"\">GaN<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">9<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">3,4<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">380,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">-1,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">12,2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">6,1<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_9\"\n            data-row-index=\"9\">\n                            <td style=\"\">GaSb<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">10<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">0,7<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">5.000,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1.000,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">15,7<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">5,6<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_10\"\n            data-row-index=\"10\">\n                            <td style=\"\">InP<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">11<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1,4<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">4.000,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">100,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">12,4<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">4,8<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_11\"\n            data-row-index=\"11\">\n                            <td style=\"\">InAs<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">12<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">0,4<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">22.600,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">200,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">14,6<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">5,7<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_12\"\n            data-row-index=\"12\">\n                            <td style=\"\">InSb<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">13<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">0,2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">100.000,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1.700,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">17,7<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">5,8<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_13\"\n            data-row-index=\"13\">\n                            <td style=\"\">ZnS<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">14<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">3,6<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">180,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">10,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">8,9<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">4,1<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_14\"\n            data-row-index=\"14\">\n                            <td style=\"\">ZnSe<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">15<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">2,7<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">600,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">28,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">9,2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">5,7<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_15\"\n            data-row-index=\"15\">\n                            <td style=\"\">ZnTe<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">16<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">2,3<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">530,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">100,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">10,4<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">5,5<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_16\"\n            data-row-index=\"16\">\n                            <td style=\"\">CdS<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">17<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">2,4<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">250,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">15,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">8,9<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">4,8<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_17\"\n            data-row-index=\"17\">\n                            <td style=\"\">CdSe<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">18<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1,7<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">800,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">-1,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">10,2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">5,8<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_167_row_18\"\n            data-row-index=\"18\">\n                            <td style=\"\">CdTe<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">19<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1,6<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1.050,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">100,0<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">10,2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">6,2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Direto<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>        <!-- \/Table body -->\n\n        <!-- Table footer -->\n        \n        <!-- \/Table footer -->\n    <\/table>\n\n<\/div><style>\n\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-material, #table_1 > tbody > tr.row-detail ul li.column-material, #table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-material, #table_1 > .dtfh-floatingparent > th.column-material, #table_1 > tfoot > tr > th.column-material { background-color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-egev, #table_1 > tbody > tr.row-detail ul li.column-egev, #table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-egev, #table_1 > .dtfh-floatingparent > th.column-egev, #table_1 > tfoot > tr > th.column-egev { background-color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-egev { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-egev { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-uncmvs, #table_1 > tbody > tr.row-detail ul li.column-uncmvs, #table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-uncmvs, #table_1 > .dtfh-floatingparent > th.column-uncmvs, #table_1 > tfoot > tr > th.column-uncmvs { background-color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-uncmvs { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-uncmvs { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-upcmvs, #table_1 > tbody > tr.row-detail ul li.column-upcmvs, #table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-upcmvs, #table_1 > .dtfh-floatingparent > th.column-upcmvs, #table_1 > tfoot > tr > th.column-upcmvs { background-color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-upcmvs { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-upcmvs { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-r, #table_1 > tbody > tr.row-detail ul li.column-r, #table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-r, #table_1 > .dtfh-floatingparent > th.column-r, #table_1 > tfoot > tr > th.column-r { background-color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-r { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-r { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-mgcm3, #table_1 > tbody > tr.row-detail ul li.column-mgcm3, #table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-mgcm3, #table_1 > .dtfh-floatingparent > th.column-mgcm3, #table_1 > tfoot > tr > th.column-mgcm3 { background-color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-mgcm3 { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-mgcm3 { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-tipo, #table_1 > tbody > tr.row-detail ul li.column-tipo, #table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-tipo, #table_1 > .dtfh-floatingparent > th.column-tipo, #table_1 > tfoot > tr > th.column-tipo { background-color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n#table_1 > tbody > tr > td.column-tipo { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_1 > thead > tr > th.column-tipo { text-align: center !important; }table.wpDataTable { table-layout: fixed !important; }\ntable.wpDataTable td.numdata { text-align: right !important; }\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \n                                                                                    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead tr:nth-child(2) th {\n        overflow: visible;\n    }\n\n            \/* table font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable {\n        font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif !important;\n    }\n\n            \/* table font size *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable {\n        font-size: 24px !important;\n    }\n\n            \n                <\/style>\n<style>\n<\/style>\n<style>\n            \/* th background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table#wpdtSimpleTable-167 thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 > thead > tr > th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 thead th,\n    .wpdt-c 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.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 thead tr:nth-child(2) th,\n     .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable#wpdtSimpleTable-167 td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 tr.odd td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 tr.even td {\n        border-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 thead tr:first-child th:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) {\n        border-left-color: #000000 !important;\n        border-right-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 thead tr th:first-child {\n        border-right-color: #000000 !important;\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 thead tr th:last-child {\n        border-left-color: #000000 !important;\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 thead tr:nth-child(1) th {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n                \/* table outer border color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table#wpdtSimpleTable-167 tr:last-child td,\n     .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 tr:last-child td {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n            .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 thead tr th:first-child,\n     .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table#wpdtSimpleTable-167 tr td:first-child,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 tr td:first-child {\n        border-left-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 thead tr th:last-child,\n     .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table#wpdtSimpleTable-167 tr td:last-child,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 tr td:last-child {\n        border-right-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n            .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 tr:first-child th {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n    \n                                \/* table font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table#wpdtSimpleTable-167,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 {\n        font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif !important;\n    }\n\n            \/* table font size *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table#wpdtSimpleTable-167,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-167 {\n        font-size: 16px !important;\n    }\n\n            \n                    \n<\/style>\n<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Tabela 1. Dados dos materiais semicondutores<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<h5 id='exerc\u00edcio-proposto'  id=\"boomdevs_3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Exerc\u00edcio Proposto<\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Fa\u00e7a um gr\u00e1fico do gap de energia dos semicondutores da Tabela 1.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Calcule o comprimento de onda do f\u00f3ton com a energia do gap de cada um dos elementos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Compare os comprimentos de onda encontrados com o espectro de frequ\u00eancias abaixo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22525 size-large aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/espectro_visivel-1024x313.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/espectro_visivel-1024x313.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/espectro_visivel-300x92.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/espectro_visivel-768x235.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/espectro_visivel-1536x470.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/espectro_visivel-1200x367.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/espectro_visivel-1980x606.png 1980w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/espectro_visivel.png 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<h2 id='c\u00e9lulas-solares'  id=\"boomdevs_4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">C\u00e9lulas Solares<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Jun\u00e7\u00f5es PN de materiais semicondutores formam a estrutura b\u00e1sica das c\u00e9lulas fotovoltaicas. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Essa escolha resulta da capacidade de criar uma barreira seletiva que resulta numa resist\u00eancia assim\u00e9trica para as cargas P e N. Sem essa barreira, as cargas P e N voltariam a se combinar sem gerar corrente el\u00e9trica externa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por serem jun\u00e7\u00f5es PN, o modelo equivalente de dois diodos da Figura 3 representa as C\u00e9lulas Solares.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A fonte de corrente I<sub>ph<\/sub> e o diodo D<sub>1<\/sub> representam a c\u00e9lula solar ideal e os demais elementos representam aspectos reais.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A corrente nos semicondutores possui duas componentes; a corrente de difus\u00e3o e a corrente de recombina\u00e7\u00e3o. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Nas c\u00e9lulas que utilizam materiais semicondutores de gap indireto, pode-se desprezar a componente de recombina\u00e7\u00e3o, o caso do Sil\u00edcio. Por outro lado, nos materiais de gap direto ocorre o oposto. <span id='easy-footnote-1-7825' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/celulas-solares\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-7825\" title=\" Nelson \"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A fonte de corrente I<sub>ph<\/sub> representa a corrente fotogerada pelos el\u00e9trons emitidos pela luz na c\u00e9lula solar. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O diodo D<sub>1<\/sub> representa a jun\u00e7\u00e3o PN e as resist\u00eancias representam as perdas. Utiliza-se o diodo D<sub>2<\/sub> para representar alguns fen\u00f4menos de segunda ordem.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A tens\u00e3o V e a corrente I representam as grandezas el\u00e9tricas dispon\u00edveis nos terminais da c\u00e9lula, que dependem da carga e consistem nas \u00fanicas grandezas el\u00e9tricas poss\u00edveis de serem medidas na pr\u00e1tica.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44312\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44312\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44312\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/celula_solar_2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/celula_solar_2.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/celula_solar_2-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/celula_solar_2-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44312\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 3. Modelo da C\u00e9lula Solar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<h3 id='corrente-fotogerada'  id=\"boomdevs_5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Corrente Fotogerada<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A densidade de corrente fotoel\u00e9trica (J<sub>L<\/sub>)<span id='easy-footnote-2-7825' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/celulas-solares\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-7825\" title=\" a densidade de corrente \u00e9 a corrente dividida pela \u00e1rea da c\u00e9lula \"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span> depende da <strong>efici\u00eancia qu\u00e2ntica da c\u00e9lula<\/strong> (Q<sub>e<\/sub>), definida como a probabilidade de gera\u00e7\u00e3o de um el\u00e9tron a partir da incid\u00eancia de um f\u00f3ton de energia E.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_23045\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23045\" style=\"width: 499px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/eficiencia_quantica.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23045\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/eficiencia_quantica.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"499\" height=\"92\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/eficiencia_quantica.png 499w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/eficiencia_quantica-300x55.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23045\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 2. Densidade da corrente fotoel\u00e9trica gerada. Fonte: Nelson<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">J<sub>L<\/sub> \u00e9 a densidade da corrente fotoel\u00e9trica;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">q \u00e9 a carga do el\u00e9tron;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">b<sub>s<\/sub> \u00e9 a irradi\u00e2ncia da luz incidente em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da frequ\u00eancia;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Q<sub>e<\/sub> \u00e9 a efici\u00eancia qu\u00e2ntica da c\u00e9lula;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">E \u00e9 a energia do f\u00f3ton emitido pela luz, que depende da frequ\u00eancia da luz.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Efici\u00eancia Qu\u00e2ntica depende do projeto da c\u00e9lula. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Mais especificamente, depende:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> do coeficiente de absor\u00e7\u00e3o do material utilizado na fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o do painel fotovoltaico;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> da efici\u00eancia da separa\u00e7\u00e3o das cargas el\u00e9tricas;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> e da efici\u00eancia de coleta das cargas. <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Essas caracter\u00edsticas independem do espectro da luz incidente e determinam as diferen\u00e7as de rendimento entre projetos e materiais utilizados.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 4 mostra a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/materiais-eletricos-e-magneticos\/propriedades-termicas\/radiacao-termica\/\">irradi\u00e2ncia espectral do sol na superf\u00edcie da terra<\/a> (curva vermelha) e a efici\u00eancia qu\u00e2ntica desejada para as c\u00e9lulas fotovoltaicas (\u00e1rea em verde). <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As c\u00e9lulas devem operar nos comprimentos de onda onde a luz solar apresenta a maior irradi\u00e2ncia espectral, mas seu rendimento ficar\u00e1 sempre limitado pela rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre a \u00e1rea verde da figura e a \u00e1rea vermelha.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Em decorr\u00eancia disso, deve-se escolher os materiais cujo gap de energia esteja relacionado com comprimentos de onda dentro da \u00e1rea verde.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44427\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44427\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44427 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/irradiancia_espectral.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/irradiancia_espectral.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/irradiancia_espectral-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/irradiancia_espectral-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44427\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Figura 4. Irradi\u00e2ncia espectral da luz solar na terra. Traduzido e adaptado de Nick84 [<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-extlink=\"\">CC BY-SA 3.0<span class=\"ext\"><span class=\"element-invisible\">(link is external)<\/span><\/span><\/a>], via Wikimedia Commons.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<h6 id='exerc\u00edcio-proposto-1'  id=\"boomdevs_6\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Exerc\u00edcio Proposto<\/span><\/h6>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Classifique os materiais da Tabela 1 em ordem crescente de efici\u00eancia qu\u00e2ntica.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<h3 id='diodo'  id=\"boomdevs_7\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Diodo<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O diodo constitui o elemento b\u00e1sico da c\u00e9lula fotovoltaica, e, para compreend\u00ea-la, torna-se necess\u00e1rio conhecer o funcionamento dos diodos semicondutores.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O diodo representa o \u00fanico elemento n\u00e3o linear do modelo da c\u00e9lula, e a tens\u00e3o e corrente se relacionam nele da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22946\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22946\" style=\"width: 346px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/I_diodo.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22946 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/I_diodo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"346\" height=\"99\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/I_diodo.png 346w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/I_diodo-300x86.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22946\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 3. Corrente no diodo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">I<sub>d<\/sub> \u00e9 a corrente no diodo[A];<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">I<sub>s<\/sub> \u00e9 a corrente de satura\u00e7\u00e3o reversa do diodo[A];<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V<sub>d<\/sub> \u00e9 a tens\u00e3o no diodo[V];<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">n \u00e9 o fator de idealidade do diodo<span id='easy-footnote-3-7825' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/celulas-solares\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-7825\" title=\" 1&amp;lt;n&amp;lt;2\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span>;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V<sub>t<\/sub> \u00e9 a tens\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica[V].<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A corrente de satura\u00e7\u00e3o reversa &#8211; I<sub>s<\/sub> &#8211; depende do projeto da c\u00e9lula, mas possui valor muito pequeno.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O fator de idealidade representa as imperfei\u00e7\u00f5es e diferen\u00e7as de fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o dos diodos reais, variando entre 1 e 2 para os diodos comuns. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por\u00e9m, em c\u00e9lulas fotovoltaicas e dispositivos de pot\u00eancia podem assumir outros valores.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Analisando a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 3, observa-se que a corrente do diodo tende para a corrente de satura\u00e7\u00e3o reversa quando a tens\u00e3o no diodo tende para -\u221e e tende para infinito quando a tens\u00e3o tende para +\u221e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 4, obtida a partir da Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 3, mostra a tens\u00e3o direta no diodo em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da corrente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_23022\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23022\" style=\"width: 390px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/I_diodo_2.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23022\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/I_diodo_2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"390\" height=\"92\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/I_diodo_2.png 420w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/I_diodo_2-300x71.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23022\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 4. Tens\u00e3o no diodo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 5 mostra que a tens\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica depende da temperatura e surge em decorr\u00eancia da Mec\u00e2nica Qu\u00e2ntica aplicada aos semicondutores. Isso significa que a temperatura afeta a opera\u00e7\u00e3o das c\u00e9lulas fotovoltaicas. <span id='easy-footnote-4-7825' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/celulas-solares\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-7825\" title=\" na realidade, a temperatura afeta o funcionamento de todos os semicondutores\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22949\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22949\" style=\"width: 193px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vt_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22949 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vt_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"193\" height=\"94\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22949\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 5. Tens\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V<sub>t<\/sub> \u00e9 a tens\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica [V]<span id='easy-footnote-5-7825' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/celulas-solares\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-7825\" title=\" demonstre que a dimens\u00e3o da tens\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica \u00e9 V\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span>;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">k \u00e9 a constante de Boltzmann [1,380\u00a0649 000 00 e<sup>-23<\/sup> J\/K]<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">q \u00e9 a carga do el\u00e9tron [1,602 176 634 00 e<sup>-19<\/sup>\u00a0C]<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">T \u00e9 a temperatura da jun\u00e7\u00e3o[K].<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 5 apresenta a Curva Caracter\u00edstica do Diodo para n=1 e t = 300 K. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O eixo da corrente se encontra normalizado em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 corrente de satura\u00e7\u00e3o, e o eixo da tens\u00e3o se encontra em volts. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Desta maneira, percebe-se que a corrente direta no diodo apresenta valores muito maiores do que a corrente de satura\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44447\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44447\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44447 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_diodo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_diodo.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_diodo-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_diodo-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44447\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 5. Curva caracter\u00edstica do diodo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Problemas Propostos<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Calcule o valor da tens\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica para as temperaturas de 0\u00baC, 25\u00baC e 40\u00baC.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Fa\u00e7a a curva do diodo para n=2 e compare com a Figura 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A an\u00e1lise da Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 3 mostra que, para uma mesma corrente direta, a tens\u00e3o no diodo aumenta com a temperatura e com o fator de idealidade. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 4 mostra a tens\u00e3o direta normalizada no diodo em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da corrente normalizada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"96\"\n     style=\"height: 600px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div 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class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[96] = {\n            render_data: {\"columns\":[{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Corrente\",\"orig_header\":\"newcolumn\"},{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Tens\\u00e3o\",\"orig_header\":\"newcolumn1\"}],\"rows\":[[0,0],[1.17,0.02],[3.7,0.04],[9.18,0.06],[21.08,0.08],[46.85,0.1],[102.73,0.12],[223.85,0.14],[486.4,0.16],[1055.49,0.18],[2289.09,0.2],[4963.06,0.22],[10759.25,0.24],[23323.25,0.26],[50557.36,0.28]],\"axes\":{\"major\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"Corrente\"},\"minor\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"label\":\"\"}},\"options\":{\"title\":\"Tens\\u00e3o no diodo\",\"series\":[{\"color\":\"#2196F3\",\"label\":\"Tens\\u00e3o\"}],\"height\":600,\"responsive_width\":1,\"hAxis\":{\"title\":\"id\\\/Is\",\"direction\":\"1\"},\"vAxis\":{\"title\":\"Tens\\u00e3o 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Tens\u00e3o no Diodo<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O circuito da Figura 2 n\u00e3o possui solu\u00e7\u00e3o anal\u00edtica devido \u00e0 n\u00e3o linearidade do diodo. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por isso, torna-se necess\u00e1rio realizar algumas hip\u00f3teses simplificadoras.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Inicialmente, com o diodo com tens\u00e3o direta muito maior que a tens\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica( V<sub>d<\/sub>&gt;&gt;V<sub>t <\/sub>) pode-se aproximar a caracter\u00edstica do diodo pela Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 6.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22956\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22956\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vd_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22956 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vd_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"69\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22956\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 6. Corrente direta no diodo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Contudo, a equa\u00e7\u00e3o permanece n\u00e3o linear. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por isso, pode-se linearizar a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 6 utilizando-se a expans\u00e3o por uma <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%A9rie_de_Taylor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">s\u00e9rie de Taylor<\/a>, conforme a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 7.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22958\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22958\" style=\"width: 607px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vd_taylor.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22958\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vd_taylor.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"607\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vd_taylor.png 647w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vd_taylor-300x45.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22958\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 7. Aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o linear da corrente no diodo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">v \u00e9 a tens\u00e3o linearizada do diodo;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V<sub>do<\/sub> \u00e9 a tens\u00e3o escolhida para se realizar a lineariza\u00e7\u00e3o;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Inserindo a derivada da Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 6 na Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 7, obt\u00e9m-se a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 8.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_22960\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22960\" style=\"width: 634px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vd_taylor_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22960\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vd_taylor_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"634\" height=\"119\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vd_taylor_1.png 634w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Vd_taylor_1-300x56.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22960\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 8. Aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o da corrente do diodo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Onde:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">I<sub>d<\/sub> \u00e9 a corrente no diodo;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">V<sub>do<\/sub> \u00e9 a tens\u00e3o direta escolhida para realizar a lineariza\u00e7\u00e3o;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_23028\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23028\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/diodo_1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23028\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/diodo_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/diodo_1.png 1000w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/diodo_1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/diodo_1-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23028\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 5. Aproxima\u00e7\u00f5es da curva do diodo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Portanto, o diodo pode ser aproximado por uma fonte de tens\u00e3o em s\u00e9rie com uma resist\u00eancia dada pela Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 9.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44521\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44521\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-44521\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/rt-300x144.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/rt-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/rt.png 343w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44521\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 9. Resist\u00eancia interna do modelo linearizado do diodo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<h3 id='c\u00e9lulas-solares-ideais'  id=\"boomdevs_8\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">C\u00e9lulas Solares Ideais<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 10 fornece a corrente na sa\u00edda da c\u00e9lula fotovoltaica sem perdas<span id='easy-footnote-6-7825' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/celulas-solares\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-7825\" title=\" desprezando as resist\u00eancias da Figura 2\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44472\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44472\" style=\"width: 759px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44472 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Isolar_ideal.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"759\" height=\"104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Isolar_ideal.png 759w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Isolar_ideal-300x41.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 759px) 100vw, 759px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44472\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 10. Corrente na c\u00e9lula solar ideal.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Calcula-se a tens\u00e3o de sa\u00edda a partir da Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 10 da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44475\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44475\" style=\"width: 717px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44475\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/celelua_solar_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"717\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/celelua_solar_1.png 773w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/celelua_solar_1-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/celelua_solar_1-768x536.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44475\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 11. Corrente na c\u00e9lula ideal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Aplicando logaritmo na equa\u00e7\u00e3o 11, obt\u00e9m-se a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 12, que fornece a tens\u00e3o de sa\u00edda na c\u00e9lula em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da corrente fotogerada e dos par\u00e2metros do diodo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44476\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44476\" style=\"width: 484px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44476\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tensao_celula.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"484\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tensao_celula.png 624w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tensao_celula-300x62.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 484px) 100vw, 484px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44476\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 12. Tens\u00e3o da c\u00e9lula solar ideal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 13 apresenta a tens\u00e3o da c\u00e9lula no caso especial de operar sem carga, denominada de tens\u00e3o em circuito aberto &#8211; Voc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44478\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44478\" style=\"width: 440px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44478\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/voc_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"440\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/voc_1.png 568w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/voc_1-300x68.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44478\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 13. Tens\u00e3o em aberto da c\u00e9lula<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como I<sub>ph<\/sub>&gt;&gt; I<sub>s<\/sub>, pode-se aproximar a tens\u00e3o V<sub>oc<\/sub> pela Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 14.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44480\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44480\" style=\"width: 377px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/voc_2-300x80.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/voc_2-300x80.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/voc_2.png 486w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 377px) 100vw, 377px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44480\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 14. Tens\u00e3o em vazio na c\u00e9lula ideal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por outro lado, a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 15 fornece a corrente de curto-circuito -I<sub>sc<\/sub>&#8211; de uma c\u00e9lula ideal a partir da Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 10.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44485\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44485\" style=\"width: 918px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44485 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Isc_ideal_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"918\" height=\"104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Isc_ideal_1.png 918w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Isc_ideal_1-300x34.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Isc_ideal_1-768x87.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 918px) 100vw, 918px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44485\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 15. Corrente de curto-circuito na c\u00e9lula ideal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Observa-se que a corrente de curto-circuito na c\u00e9lula ideal depende diretamente da corrente fotovoltaica, mas independe da temperatura. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por outro lado, aparentemente a tens\u00e3o de circuito aberto aumenta com a temperatura porque Vt aumenta com a temperatura. Por\u00e9m, a corrente de satura\u00e7\u00e3o reversa -Is- cresce exponencialmente com a temperatura resultando na diminui\u00e7\u00e3o de V<sub>oc<\/sub> com a temperatura.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m disso, como a corrente fotovoltaica depende da irradi\u00e2ncia solar na c\u00e9lula, ambos os par\u00e2metros aumentam com a irradi\u00e2ncia solar.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Pode-se estimar a corrente de satura\u00e7\u00e3o reversa &#8211; I<sub>s<\/sub> -a partir da Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 11 da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h3 id='c\u00e9lula-solares-com-perdas'  id=\"boomdevs_9\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">C\u00e9lula Solares com Perdas<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O primeiro ajuste no modelo requer a inclus\u00e3o da corrente na resist\u00eancia R<sub>sh<\/sub> na equa\u00e7\u00e3o 10 da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44505\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44505\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44505 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/corrente_celula_perdas-1024x127.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"127\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/corrente_celula_perdas-1024x127.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/corrente_celula_perdas-300x37.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/corrente_celula_perdas-768x95.png 768w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/corrente_celula_perdas.png 1139w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44505\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 16. Corrente na c\u00e9lula fotovoltaica com perdas em paralelo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Observa-se que a tens\u00e3o na equa\u00e7\u00e3o 16 se tornou a tens\u00e3o no diodo, n\u00e3o mais a tens\u00e3o nos terminais da c\u00e9lula, em decorr\u00eancia da queda de tens\u00e3o na resist\u00eancia R<sub>s<\/sub>. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por\u00e9m, a tens\u00e3o no diodo se relaciona com a tens\u00e3o nos terminais da c\u00e9lula da seguinte maneira:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44513\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44513\" style=\"width: 244px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44513\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tensao_no_diodo_1-300x55.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"244\" height=\"45\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tensao_no_diodo_1-300x55.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tensao_no_diodo_1.png 368w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 244px) 100vw, 244px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44513\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 17. Rela\u00e7\u00e3o da tens\u00e3o de sa\u00edda com a tens\u00e3o do diodo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Substituindo-se a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 17 na Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 16, obt\u00e9m-se corrente de sa\u00edda da c\u00e9lula em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da tens\u00e3o em seus terminais conforme Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 18.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44516\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44516\" style=\"width: 742px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44516\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/corrente_celula_perdas_2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"742\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/corrente_celula_perdas_2.png 965w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/corrente_celula_perdas_2-300x40.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/corrente_celula_perdas_2-768x103.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44516\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 18. Corrente na c\u00e9lula fotovoltaica com perdas s\u00e9rie e paralelo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">O \u00faltimo aperfei\u00e7oamento considerado na modelagem das c\u00e9lulas solares consiste na inclus\u00e3o do segundo diodo que aparece na Figura 3.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Essa inclus\u00e3o permite simular o fator de idealidade do diodo variando entre 1 e 2 atrav\u00e9s de um diodo com o valor igual a 1 e outro com o valor de 2.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 id='curvas-caracter\u00edsticas-das-c\u00e9lulas-solares'  id=\"boomdevs_10\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Curvas Caracter\u00edsticas das C\u00e9lulas Solares<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A c\u00e9lula solar no escuro se comporta como um diodo porque a corrente fotovoltaica &#8211; I<sub>ph <\/sub>&#8211; \u00e9 zero. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por\u00e9m, a corrente nos terminais da c\u00e9lula se iguala \u00e0 corrente no diodo, mas com sentido negativo, e a c\u00e9lula se comporta como carga dissipando energia fornecida pelo circuito externo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Essa situa\u00e7\u00e3o ocorre na pr\u00e1tica quando a c\u00e9lula permanece conectada a uma bateria durante a noite sem um diodo de bloqueio.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Quando a c\u00e9lula se encontra iluminada e a corrente fotovoltaica for superior \u00e0 corrente no diodo, a corrente no circuito externo se torna positiva caracterizando a gera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 6 mostra essas duas condi\u00e7\u00f5es vistas pelo diodo. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A tens\u00e3o no diodo possui o mesmo sinal da tens\u00e3o nos terminais, mas as correntes no terminal da c\u00e9lula e fotogerada apresentam o sinal oposto ao da corrente no diodo conforme mostra a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 10.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Por isso, a corrente fotogerada desloca a curva do diodo para a regi\u00e3o negativa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44533 size-full aligncenter\" style=\"font-weight: 600;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_celula_solar.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_celula_solar.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_celula_solar-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_celula_solar-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Figura 6. Influ\u00eancia da corrente fotovoltaica no diodo<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como pode-se medir somente a corrente nos terminais da c\u00e9lula, a Figura 7 mostra a curva caracter\u00edstica da c\u00e9lula solar tendo como refer\u00eancia a corrente saindo para a carga.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como o comportamento das c\u00e9lulas depende da irradi\u00e2ncia, temperatura e da localiza\u00e7\u00e3o terrestre, estabeleceu-se uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o de refer\u00eancia para medir e fornecer os dados dos pain\u00e9is fotovoltaicos. Essa refer\u00eancia, denominada de <strong>STC<\/strong> (standard test conditions) corresponde a uma irradi\u00e2ncia de 1 000 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>, espectro solar correspondente a AM 1,5, e temperatura na c\u00e9lula de 25\u00baC.<span id='easy-footnote-7-7825' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/geracao-de-energia-eletrica\/energia-solar\/celulas-solares\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-7825\" title=\" essas caracter\u00edsticas s\u00e3o t\u00edpicas na Europa, mas precisam de ajustes no Brasil\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44550\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44550\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44550 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_ixv_fotocelula.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_ixv_fotocelula.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_ixv_fotocelula-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curva_ixv_fotocelula-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44550\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Figura 7. Curva caracter\u00edstica da c\u00e9lula fotovoltaica\u00a0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Figura 7 apresenta caracter\u00edsticas importantes das c\u00e9lulas solares.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A c\u00e9lula iluminada e em vazio possui uma tens\u00e3o nos terminais denominada de V<sub>oc<\/sub>, e quando em curto-circuito uma corrente I<sub>sc<\/sub>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A tens\u00e3o V<sub>oc\u00a0<\/sub>aumenta com a irradi\u00e2ncia e depende da temperatura, e a corrente <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">I<sub>sc\u00a0<\/sub>tamb\u00e9m depende da temperatura e irradi\u00e2ncia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">De acordo com a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o 13, V<sub>oc<\/sub> possui uma tend\u00eancia de aumento a temperatura devido \u00e0 tens\u00e3o Vt,\u00a0 mas como a corrente I<sub>s<\/sub> aumenta exponencialmente com a temperatura, a tens\u00e3o de circuito aberto decresce com o aumento da temperatura.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Al\u00e9m disso, existe uma pot\u00eancia m\u00e1xima &#8211; P<\/span><sub style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">max<\/sub><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"> -poss\u00edvel de ser gerada pelas c\u00e9lulas solares para cada condi\u00e7\u00e3o de irradi\u00e2ncia, temperatura e localiza\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Como irradi\u00e2ncia e temperatura variam ao longo do dia, o ponto de m\u00e1xima pot\u00eancia varia ao longo do tempo. Isto significa que uma c\u00e9lula alimentando uma carga resistiva constante fornece pot\u00eancia m\u00e1xima apenas em uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o particular.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<h6 id='exemplo'  id=\"boomdevs_11\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Exemplo<\/span><\/h6>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A Tabela abaixo apresenta os dados fornecidos pelo fabricante para o painel BP-MSX 120 e a Figura 8 sua curva caracter\u00edsticas medida por um tra\u00e7ador de curvas ap\u00f3s anos de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao tempo e a curva de cat\u00e1logo para um painel novo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><h2 class=\"wpdt-c\" id=\"wdt-table-title-171\">Painel BP-MSX 120<\/h2><p class=\"wpdt-c\" id=\"wdt-table-description-171\">Dados obtidos de BP solar 2001 01-4003-1<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c 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style=\"\">        Precis\u00e3o<\/th>        <th\n                        class=\" wdtheader sort \"\n        style=\"\">        Observa\u00e7\u00f5es<\/th>    <\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n        <!-- \/Table header -->\n\n        <!-- Table body -->\n        \n<tbody>\n<!-- Table body -->\n<div data-id=\"171\"\n     class=\"wdt-timeline-item wdt-timeline-table_3\"\n     style=\"\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader\">\n        <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row wdt-table-loader-header\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-header-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-header-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-header-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell 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               <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-row\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"wdt-table-loader-cell wdt-animated-background\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div><!-- \/Table body -->\n                    <tr id=\"table_171_row_0\"\n            data-row-index=\"0\">\n                            <td style=\"\">1<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Pot\u00eancia M\u00e1xima<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Pmax<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">W<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">120,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_1\"\n            data-row-index=\"1\">\n                            <td style=\"\">2<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Tens\u00e3o em Pmax<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Vmp<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">V<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">33,700<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_2\"\n            data-row-index=\"2\">\n                            <td style=\"\">3<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Corrente em Pmax<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Imp<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">A<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">3,560<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_3\"\n            data-row-index=\"3\">\n                            <td style=\"\">4<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Corrente de curto- circuito<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Isc<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">A<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">3,870<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_4\"\n            data-row-index=\"4\">\n                            <td style=\"\">5<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Tens\u00e3o em aberto<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Voc<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">V<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">42,100<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_5\"\n            data-row-index=\"5\">\n                            <td style=\"\">6<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Coeficiente de varia\u00e7\u00e3o de Isc com a temperatura<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Ki<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">%\/\u00baC<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">0,065<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">0,015<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_6\"\n            data-row-index=\"6\">\n                            <td style=\"\">7<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Coeficiente de varia\u00e7\u00e3o de Voc com a temperatura<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Kv<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">mV\/\u00baC<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">-160,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">10,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_7\"\n            data-row-index=\"7\">\n                            <td style=\"\">8<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Tens\u00e3o m\u00e1xima<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Vmax<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">V<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">600,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_8\"\n            data-row-index=\"8\">\n                            <td style=\"\">9<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">N\u00famero de c\u00e9lulas em s\u00e9rie<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Ns<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">72,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_9\"\n            data-row-index=\"9\">\n                            <td style=\"\">10<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">N\u00famero de c\u00e9lulas em paralelo<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Np<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">0,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_10\"\n            data-row-index=\"10\">\n                            <td style=\"\">11<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Coeficiente de varia\u00e7\u00e3o de Pmax com a temperatura<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Kp<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">%\/\u00baC<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">-0,500<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">0,050<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_11\"\n            data-row-index=\"11\">\n                            <td style=\"\">12<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Temperatura nominal de opera\u00e7\u00e3o da c\u00e9lula<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">NOCT<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">\u00baC<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">47,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">2,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC, Tamb=20\u00baC ,800W\/m2, 1m\/s vento<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_12\"\n            data-row-index=\"12\">\n                            <td style=\"\">13<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Espessura de vidro em cada face<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">mm<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">3,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_13\"\n            data-row-index=\"13\">\n                            <td style=\"\">14<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Prote\u00e7\u00e3o de cada face - Ethylene vinyl acetate<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_14\"\n            data-row-index=\"14\">\n                            <td style=\"\">15<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Altura<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">A<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">mm<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">1.114,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">3,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_15\"\n            data-row-index=\"15\">\n                            <td style=\"\">16<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Largura<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">L<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">mm<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">991,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">3,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_16\"\n            data-row-index=\"16\">\n                            <td style=\"\">17<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Peso<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">P<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">kg<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">13,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                            <tr id=\"table_171_row_17\"\n            data-row-index=\"17\">\n                            <td style=\"\">18<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Pmax m\u00ednimo garantido<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">Pmin<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">W<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">114,000<\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\"><\/td>\n                            <td style=\"\">STC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>        <!-- \/Table body -->\n\n        <!-- Table footer -->\n        \n        <!-- \/Table footer -->\n    <\/table>\n\n<\/div><style>\n\n#table_3 > tbody > tr > td.column-simbolo { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_3 > tbody > tr > td.column-unidade { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_3 > tbody > tr > td.column-valor { text-align: right !important; }\n#table_3 > thead > tr > th.column-valor { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_3 > tbody > tr > td.column-observacoes { text-align: center !important; }\n#table_3 > thead > tr > th.column-observacoes { text-align: center !important; }table.wpDataTable td.numdata { text-align: right !important; }\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \n                                                                                    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead tr:nth-child(2) th {\n        overflow: visible;\n    }\n\n            \/* table font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable {\n        font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif !important;\n    }\n\n            \/* table font size *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable {\n        font-size: 24px !important;\n    }\n\n            \n                <\/style>\n<style>\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                            \n                                \/* table font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table#wpdtSimpleTable-171,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-171 {\n        font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif !important;\n    }\n\n            \/* table font size *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table#wpdtSimpleTable-171,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable.wpDataTableID-171 {\n        font-size: 15px !important;\n    }\n\n            \n                    \n<\/style>\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_44560\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44560\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44560 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curvas_painel_uerj_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curvas_painel_uerj_1.png 800w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curvas_painel_uerj_1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/curvas_painel_uerj_1-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44560\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Figura 8. Curvas Caracter\u00edsticas do Painel BP-MSX 120, medida ap\u00f3s anos de uso e a de cat\u00e1logo medida.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Observam-se as seguintes modifica\u00e7\u00f5es entre as curvas degradadas e as novas:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A pot\u00eancia m\u00e1xima gerada diminuiu;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">As inclina\u00e7\u00f5es da curva IxV mudaram.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 48px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.0415625em;\">Refer\u00eancias<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">H\u00c4BERLIN, H.; <strong>Photovoltaics: System Design and Practice<\/strong>, Wiley, 2012.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">KITAI, A.; <strong>Principles of Solar Cells, LEDs and Diodes<\/strong>, Wiley, 2011.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">HEGEDUS, Steven; LUQUE, Antonio (Ed.).\u00a0<b>Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering<\/b>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">McEVOY, A, Castaner, L., Markvart, T.; <strong>Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture and Operation<\/strong>, 2 Ed., Academic Press, 2012.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">NELSON, J; <strong>The Physics of Solar Cells<\/strong>, Imperial College, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li>SMESTAD, G. P.; <strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Optoelectronics of Solar Cells<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">, SPIE.Digital Library, 2002.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">WENHAM, S.R., GREEN, M.A., WATT, M.E., CORKISH, R., <strong>Applied Photovoltaics<\/strong>, Earthscan, 2007.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">W\u00dcRFEL, P., <strong>Physics of Solar Cells: From Principles to New Concepts<\/strong>, Wiley, 2005.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2 id='cat\u00e1logos'  id=\"boomdevs_12\">Cat\u00e1logos<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.qn-solarpv.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">QnSolar<\/a><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"ms-editor-squiggler\" style=\"color: initial; font: initial; font-feature-settings: initial; font-kerning: initial; font-optical-sizing: initial; font-variation-settings: initial; text-orientation: initial; text-rendering: initial; -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; -webkit-locale: initial; -webkit-text-orientation: initial; -webkit-writing-mode: initial; writing-mode: initial; zoom: initial; place-content: initial; place-items: initial; place-self: initial; alignment-baseline: initial; animation: initial; appearance: initial; aspect-ratio: initial; backdrop-filter: initial; backface-visibility: initial; background: initial; background-blend-mode: initial; baseline-shift: initial; block-size: initial; border-block: initial; border: initial; border-radius: initial; border-collapse: initial; border-inline: initial; inset: initial; box-shadow: initial; box-sizing: initial; break-after: initial; break-before: initial; break-inside: initial; buffered-rendering: initial; caption-side: initial; caret-color: initial; clear: initial; clip: initial; clip-path: initial; clip-rule: initial; color-interpolation: initial; color-interpolation-filters: initial; 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mask-type: initial; max-block-size: initial; max-height: initial; max-inline-size: initial; max-width: initial; min-block-size: initial; min-height: initial; min-inline-size: initial; min-width: initial; mix-blend-mode: initial; object-fit: initial; object-position: initial; offset: initial; opacity: initial; order: initial; origin-trial-test-property: initial; orphans: initial; outline: initial; outline-offset: initial; overflow-anchor: initial; overflow-wrap: initial; overflow: initial; overscroll-behavior-block: initial; overscroll-behavior-inline: initial; overscroll-behavior: initial; padding-block: initial; padding: initial; padding-inline: initial; page: initial; page-orientation: initial; paint-order: initial; perspective: initial; perspective-origin: initial; pointer-events: initial; position: initial; quotes: initial; r: initial; resize: initial; ruby-position: initial; rx: initial; ry: initial; scroll-behavior: initial; scroll-margin-block: initial; scroll-margin: initial; scroll-margin-inline: initial; scroll-padding-block: initial; scroll-padding: initial; scroll-padding-inline: initial; scroll-snap-align: initial; scroll-snap-stop: initial; scroll-snap-type: initial; shape-image-threshold: initial; shape-margin: initial; shape-outside: initial; shape-rendering: initial; size: initial; speak: initial; stop-color: initial; stop-opacity: initial; stroke: initial; stroke-dasharray: initial; stroke-dashoffset: initial; stroke-linecap: initial; stroke-linejoin: initial; stroke-miterlimit: initial; stroke-opacity: initial; stroke-width: initial; tab-size: initial; table-layout: initial; text-align: initial; text-align-last: initial; text-anchor: initial; text-combine-upright: initial; text-decoration: initial; text-decoration-skip-ink: initial; text-indent: initial; text-overflow: initial; text-shadow: initial; text-size-adjust: initial; text-transform: initial; text-underline-offset: initial; text-underline-position: initial; touch-action: initial; transform: initial; transform-box: initial; transform-origin: initial; transform-style: initial; transition: initial; user-select: initial; vector-effect: initial; vertical-align: initial; visibility: initial; -webkit-app-region: initial; border-spacing: initial; -webkit-border-image: initial; -webkit-box-align: initial; -webkit-box-decoration-break: initial; -webkit-box-direction: initial; -webkit-box-flex: initial; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: initial; -webkit-box-orient: initial; -webkit-box-pack: initial; -webkit-box-reflect: initial; -webkit-highlight: initial; -webkit-hyphenate-character: initial; -webkit-line-break: initial; -webkit-line-clamp: initial; -webkit-mask-box-image: initial; -webkit-mask: initial; -webkit-mask-composite: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-x: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-y: initial; -webkit-print-color-adjust: initial; -webkit-rtl-ordering: initial; -webkit-ruby-position: initial; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: initial; -webkit-text-combine: initial; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis-position: initial; -webkit-text-fill-color: initial; -webkit-text-security: initial; -webkit-text-stroke: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-x: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-y: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-z: initial; -webkit-user-drag: initial; -webkit-user-modify: initial; white-space: initial; widows: initial; width: initial; will-change: initial; word-break: initial; word-spacing: initial; x: initial; y: initial; z-index: initial;\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ms-editor-squiggler\" style=\"color: initial; font: initial; font-feature-settings: initial; font-kerning: initial; font-optical-sizing: initial; font-variation-settings: initial; text-orientation: initial; text-rendering: initial; -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; -webkit-locale: initial; -webkit-text-orientation: initial; -webkit-writing-mode: initial; writing-mode: initial; zoom: initial; place-content: initial; place-items: initial; place-self: initial; alignment-baseline: initial; animation: initial; appearance: initial; aspect-ratio: initial; backdrop-filter: initial; backface-visibility: initial; background: initial; background-blend-mode: initial; baseline-shift: initial; block-size: initial; border-block: initial; border: initial; border-radius: initial; border-collapse: initial; border-inline: initial; inset: initial; box-shadow: initial; box-sizing: initial; break-after: initial; break-before: initial; break-inside: initial; buffered-rendering: initial; caption-side: initial; caret-color: initial; clear: initial; clip: initial; clip-path: initial; clip-rule: initial; color-interpolation: initial; color-interpolation-filters: initial; color-rendering: initial; color-scheme: initial; columns: initial; column-fill: initial; gap: initial; column-rule: initial; column-span: initial; contain: initial; contain-intrinsic-size: initial; content: initial; content-visibility: initial; counter-increment: initial; counter-reset: initial; counter-set: initial; cursor: initial; 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origin-trial-test-property: initial; orphans: initial; outline: initial; outline-offset: initial; overflow-anchor: initial; overflow-wrap: initial; overflow: initial; overscroll-behavior-block: initial; overscroll-behavior-inline: initial; overscroll-behavior: initial; padding-block: initial; padding: initial; padding-inline: initial; page: initial; page-orientation: initial; paint-order: initial; perspective: initial; perspective-origin: initial; pointer-events: initial; position: initial; quotes: initial; r: initial; resize: initial; ruby-position: initial; rx: initial; ry: initial; scroll-behavior: initial; scroll-margin-block: initial; scroll-margin: initial; scroll-margin-inline: initial; scroll-padding-block: initial; scroll-padding: initial; scroll-padding-inline: initial; scroll-snap-align: initial; scroll-snap-stop: initial; scroll-snap-type: initial; shape-image-threshold: initial; shape-margin: initial; shape-outside: initial; shape-rendering: initial; size: initial; speak: initial; stop-color: initial; stop-opacity: initial; stroke: initial; stroke-dasharray: initial; stroke-dashoffset: initial; stroke-linecap: initial; stroke-linejoin: initial; stroke-miterlimit: initial; stroke-opacity: initial; stroke-width: initial; tab-size: initial; table-layout: initial; text-align: initial; text-align-last: initial; text-anchor: initial; text-combine-upright: initial; text-decoration: initial; text-decoration-skip-ink: initial; text-indent: initial; text-overflow: initial; text-shadow: initial; text-size-adjust: initial; text-transform: initial; text-underline-offset: initial; text-underline-position: initial; touch-action: initial; transform: initial; transform-box: initial; transform-origin: initial; transform-style: initial; transition: initial; user-select: initial; vector-effect: initial; vertical-align: initial; visibility: initial; -webkit-app-region: initial; border-spacing: initial; -webkit-border-image: initial; -webkit-box-align: initial; -webkit-box-decoration-break: initial; -webkit-box-direction: initial; -webkit-box-flex: initial; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: initial; -webkit-box-orient: initial; -webkit-box-pack: initial; -webkit-box-reflect: initial; -webkit-highlight: initial; -webkit-hyphenate-character: initial; -webkit-line-break: initial; -webkit-line-clamp: initial; -webkit-mask-box-image: initial; -webkit-mask: initial; -webkit-mask-composite: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-x: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-y: initial; -webkit-print-color-adjust: initial; -webkit-rtl-ordering: initial; -webkit-ruby-position: initial; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: initial; -webkit-text-combine: initial; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis-position: initial; -webkit-text-fill-color: initial; -webkit-text-security: initial; -webkit-text-stroke: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-x: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-y: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-z: initial; -webkit-user-drag: initial; -webkit-user-modify: initial; white-space: initial; widows: initial; width: initial; will-change: initial; word-break: initial; word-spacing: initial; x: initial; y: initial; z-index: initial;\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ms-editor-squiggler\" style=\"color: initial; font: initial; font-feature-settings: initial; font-kerning: initial; font-optical-sizing: initial; font-variation-settings: initial; text-orientation: initial; text-rendering: initial; -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; -webkit-locale: initial; -webkit-text-orientation: initial; -webkit-writing-mode: initial; writing-mode: initial; zoom: initial; place-content: initial; place-items: initial; place-self: initial; alignment-baseline: initial; animation: initial; appearance: initial; aspect-ratio: initial; backdrop-filter: initial; backface-visibility: initial; background: initial; background-blend-mode: initial; baseline-shift: initial; block-size: initial; border-block: initial; border: initial; border-radius: initial; border-collapse: initial; border-inline: initial; inset: initial; box-shadow: initial; box-sizing: initial; break-after: initial; break-before: initial; break-inside: initial; buffered-rendering: initial; caption-side: initial; caret-color: initial; clear: initial; clip: initial; clip-path: initial; clip-rule: initial; color-interpolation: initial; color-interpolation-filters: initial; color-rendering: initial; color-scheme: initial; columns: initial; column-fill: initial; gap: initial; column-rule: initial; column-span: initial; contain: initial; contain-intrinsic-size: initial; content: initial; content-visibility: initial; counter-increment: initial; counter-reset: initial; counter-set: initial; cursor: initial; cx: initial; cy: initial; d: initial; display: block; dominant-baseline: initial; empty-cells: initial; fill: initial; fill-opacity: initial; fill-rule: initial; filter: initial; flex: initial; flex-flow: initial; float: initial; flood-color: initial; flood-opacity: initial; grid: initial; grid-area: initial; height: initial; hyphens: initial; image-orientation: initial; image-rendering: initial; inline-size: initial; inset-block: initial; inset-inline: initial; isolation: initial; letter-spacing: initial; lighting-color: initial; line-break: initial; list-style: initial; margin-block: initial; margin: initial; margin-inline: initial; marker: initial; mask: initial; mask-type: initial; max-block-size: initial; max-height: initial; max-inline-size: initial; max-width: initial; min-block-size: initial; min-height: initial; min-inline-size: initial; min-width: initial; mix-blend-mode: initial; object-fit: initial; object-position: initial; offset: initial; opacity: initial; order: initial; origin-trial-test-property: initial; orphans: initial; outline: initial; outline-offset: initial; overflow-anchor: initial; overflow-wrap: initial; overflow: initial; overscroll-behavior-block: initial; overscroll-behavior-inline: initial; overscroll-behavior: initial; padding-block: initial; padding: initial; padding-inline: initial; page: initial; page-orientation: initial; paint-order: initial; perspective: initial; perspective-origin: initial; pointer-events: initial; position: initial; quotes: initial; r: initial; resize: initial; ruby-position: initial; rx: initial; ry: initial; scroll-behavior: initial; scroll-margin-block: initial; scroll-margin: initial; scroll-margin-inline: initial; scroll-padding-block: initial; scroll-padding: initial; scroll-padding-inline: initial; scroll-snap-align: initial; scroll-snap-stop: initial; scroll-snap-type: initial; shape-image-threshold: initial; shape-margin: initial; shape-outside: initial; shape-rendering: initial; size: initial; speak: initial; stop-color: initial; stop-opacity: initial; stroke: initial; stroke-dasharray: initial; stroke-dashoffset: initial; stroke-linecap: initial; stroke-linejoin: initial; stroke-miterlimit: initial; stroke-opacity: initial; stroke-width: initial; tab-size: initial; table-layout: initial; text-align: initial; text-align-last: initial; text-anchor: initial; text-combine-upright: initial; text-decoration: initial; text-decoration-skip-ink: initial; text-indent: initial; text-overflow: initial; text-shadow: initial; text-size-adjust: initial; text-transform: initial; text-underline-offset: initial; text-underline-position: initial; touch-action: initial; transform: initial; transform-box: initial; transform-origin: initial; transform-style: initial; transition: initial; user-select: initial; vector-effect: initial; vertical-align: initial; visibility: initial; -webkit-app-region: initial; border-spacing: initial; -webkit-border-image: initial; -webkit-box-align: initial; -webkit-box-decoration-break: initial; -webkit-box-direction: initial; -webkit-box-flex: initial; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: initial; -webkit-box-orient: initial; -webkit-box-pack: initial; -webkit-box-reflect: initial; -webkit-highlight: initial; -webkit-hyphenate-character: initial; -webkit-line-break: initial; -webkit-line-clamp: initial; -webkit-mask-box-image: initial; -webkit-mask: initial; -webkit-mask-composite: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-x: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-y: initial; -webkit-print-color-adjust: initial; -webkit-rtl-ordering: initial; -webkit-ruby-position: initial; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: initial; -webkit-text-combine: initial; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis-position: initial; -webkit-text-fill-color: initial; -webkit-text-security: initial; -webkit-text-stroke: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-x: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-y: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-z: initial; -webkit-user-drag: initial; -webkit-user-modify: initial; white-space: initial; widows: initial; width: initial; will-change: initial; word-break: initial; word-spacing: initial; x: initial; y: initial; z-index: initial;\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ms-editor-squiggler\" style=\"color: initial; font: initial; font-feature-settings: initial; font-kerning: initial; font-optical-sizing: initial; 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transform-origin: initial; transform-style: initial; transition: initial; user-select: initial; vector-effect: initial; vertical-align: initial; visibility: initial; -webkit-app-region: initial; border-spacing: initial; -webkit-border-image: initial; -webkit-box-align: initial; -webkit-box-decoration-break: initial; -webkit-box-direction: initial; -webkit-box-flex: initial; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: initial; -webkit-box-orient: initial; -webkit-box-pack: initial; -webkit-box-reflect: initial; -webkit-highlight: initial; -webkit-hyphenate-character: initial; -webkit-line-break: initial; -webkit-line-clamp: initial; -webkit-mask-box-image: initial; -webkit-mask: initial; -webkit-mask-composite: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-x: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-y: initial; -webkit-print-color-adjust: initial; -webkit-rtl-ordering: initial; -webkit-ruby-position: initial; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: initial; -webkit-text-combine: initial; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis-position: initial; -webkit-text-fill-color: initial; -webkit-text-security: initial; -webkit-text-stroke: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-x: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-y: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-z: initial; -webkit-user-drag: initial; -webkit-user-modify: initial; white-space: initial; widows: initial; width: initial; will-change: initial; word-break: initial; word-spacing: initial; x: initial; y: initial; z-index: initial;\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ms-editor-squiggler\" style=\"color: initial; font: initial; font-feature-settings: initial; font-kerning: initial; font-optical-sizing: initial; font-variation-settings: initial; text-orientation: initial; text-rendering: initial; -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; -webkit-locale: initial; -webkit-text-orientation: initial; -webkit-writing-mode: initial; writing-mode: initial; zoom: initial; place-content: initial; place-items: initial; place-self: initial; alignment-baseline: initial; 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-webkit-box-direction: initial; -webkit-box-flex: initial; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: initial; -webkit-box-orient: initial; -webkit-box-pack: initial; -webkit-box-reflect: initial; -webkit-highlight: initial; -webkit-hyphenate-character: initial; -webkit-line-break: initial; -webkit-line-clamp: initial; -webkit-mask-box-image: initial; -webkit-mask: initial; -webkit-mask-composite: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-x: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-y: initial; -webkit-print-color-adjust: initial; -webkit-rtl-ordering: initial; -webkit-ruby-position: initial; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: initial; -webkit-text-combine: initial; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis-position: initial; -webkit-text-fill-color: initial; -webkit-text-security: initial; -webkit-text-stroke: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-x: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-y: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-z: initial; -webkit-user-drag: initial; -webkit-user-modify: initial; white-space: initial; widows: initial; width: initial; will-change: initial; word-break: initial; word-spacing: initial; x: initial; y: initial; z-index: initial;\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ms-editor-squiggler\" style=\"color: initial; font: initial; font-feature-settings: initial; font-kerning: initial; font-optical-sizing: initial; font-variation-settings: initial; text-orientation: initial; text-rendering: initial; -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; -webkit-locale: initial; -webkit-text-orientation: initial; -webkit-writing-mode: initial; writing-mode: initial; zoom: initial; place-content: initial; place-items: initial; place-self: initial; alignment-baseline: initial; animation: initial; appearance: initial; aspect-ratio: initial; backdrop-filter: initial; backface-visibility: initial; background: initial; background-blend-mode: initial; baseline-shift: initial; block-size: initial; border-block: initial; border: initial; border-radius: initial; border-collapse: initial; border-inline: initial; inset: initial; box-shadow: initial; box-sizing: initial; break-after: initial; break-before: initial; break-inside: initial; buffered-rendering: initial; caption-side: initial; caret-color: initial; clear: initial; clip: initial; clip-path: initial; clip-rule: initial; color-interpolation: initial; color-interpolation-filters: initial; color-rendering: initial; color-scheme: initial; columns: initial; column-fill: initial; gap: initial; column-rule: initial; column-span: initial; contain: initial; contain-intrinsic-size: initial; content: initial; content-visibility: initial; counter-increment: initial; counter-reset: initial; counter-set: initial; cursor: initial; cx: initial; cy: initial; d: initial; display: block; dominant-baseline: initial; empty-cells: initial; fill: initial; fill-opacity: initial; fill-rule: initial; filter: initial; flex: initial; flex-flow: initial; float: initial; flood-color: initial; flood-opacity: initial; grid: initial; grid-area: initial; height: initial; 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page: initial; page-orientation: initial; paint-order: initial; perspective: initial; perspective-origin: initial; pointer-events: initial; position: initial; quotes: initial; r: initial; resize: initial; ruby-position: initial; rx: initial; ry: initial; scroll-behavior: initial; scroll-margin-block: initial; scroll-margin: initial; scroll-margin-inline: initial; scroll-padding-block: initial; scroll-padding: initial; scroll-padding-inline: initial; scroll-snap-align: initial; scroll-snap-stop: initial; scroll-snap-type: initial; shape-image-threshold: initial; shape-margin: initial; shape-outside: initial; shape-rendering: initial; size: initial; speak: initial; stop-color: initial; stop-opacity: initial; stroke: initial; stroke-dasharray: initial; stroke-dashoffset: initial; stroke-linecap: initial; stroke-linejoin: initial; stroke-miterlimit: initial; stroke-opacity: initial; stroke-width: initial; tab-size: initial; table-layout: initial; text-align: initial; text-align-last: initial; text-anchor: initial; text-combine-upright: initial; text-decoration: initial; text-decoration-skip-ink: initial; text-indent: initial; text-overflow: initial; text-shadow: initial; text-size-adjust: initial; text-transform: initial; text-underline-offset: initial; text-underline-position: initial; touch-action: initial; transform: initial; transform-box: initial; transform-origin: initial; transform-style: initial; transition: initial; user-select: initial; vector-effect: initial; vertical-align: initial; visibility: initial; -webkit-app-region: initial; border-spacing: initial; -webkit-border-image: initial; -webkit-box-align: initial; -webkit-box-decoration-break: initial; -webkit-box-direction: initial; -webkit-box-flex: initial; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: initial; -webkit-box-orient: initial; -webkit-box-pack: initial; -webkit-box-reflect: initial; -webkit-highlight: initial; -webkit-hyphenate-character: initial; -webkit-line-break: initial; -webkit-line-clamp: initial; -webkit-mask-box-image: initial; -webkit-mask: initial; -webkit-mask-composite: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-x: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-y: initial; -webkit-print-color-adjust: initial; -webkit-rtl-ordering: initial; -webkit-ruby-position: initial; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: initial; -webkit-text-combine: initial; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis-position: initial; -webkit-text-fill-color: initial; -webkit-text-security: initial; -webkit-text-stroke: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-x: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-y: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-z: initial; -webkit-user-drag: initial; -webkit-user-modify: initial; white-space: initial; widows: initial; width: initial; will-change: initial; word-break: initial; word-spacing: initial; x: initial; y: initial; z-index: initial;\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ms-editor-squiggler\" style=\"color: initial; font: initial; font-feature-settings: initial; font-kerning: initial; font-optical-sizing: initial; font-variation-settings: initial; text-orientation: initial; text-rendering: initial; -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; -webkit-locale: initial; -webkit-text-orientation: initial; -webkit-writing-mode: initial; writing-mode: initial; zoom: initial; place-content: initial; place-items: initial; place-self: initial; alignment-baseline: initial; animation: initial; appearance: initial; aspect-ratio: initial; backdrop-filter: initial; backface-visibility: initial; background: initial; background-blend-mode: initial; baseline-shift: initial; block-size: initial; border-block: initial; border: initial; border-radius: initial; border-collapse: initial; border-inline: initial; inset: initial; box-shadow: initial; box-sizing: initial; break-after: initial; break-before: initial; break-inside: initial; buffered-rendering: initial; caption-side: initial; caret-color: initial; clear: initial; clip: initial; clip-path: initial; clip-rule: initial; color-interpolation: initial; color-interpolation-filters: initial; color-rendering: initial; color-scheme: initial; columns: initial; column-fill: initial; gap: initial; column-rule: initial; column-span: initial; contain: initial; contain-intrinsic-size: initial; content: initial; content-visibility: initial; counter-increment: initial; counter-reset: initial; counter-set: initial; cursor: initial; cx: initial; cy: initial; d: initial; display: block; dominant-baseline: initial; empty-cells: initial; fill: initial; fill-opacity: initial; fill-rule: initial; filter: initial; flex: initial; flex-flow: initial; float: initial; flood-color: initial; flood-opacity: initial; grid: initial; grid-area: initial; height: 0px; hyphens: initial; image-orientation: initial; image-rendering: initial; inline-size: initial; inset-block: initial; inset-inline: initial; isolation: initial; letter-spacing: initial; lighting-color: initial; line-break: initial; list-style: initial; margin-block: initial; margin: initial; margin-inline: initial; marker: initial; mask: initial; mask-type: initial; max-block-size: initial; max-height: initial; max-inline-size: initial; max-width: initial; min-block-size: initial; min-height: initial; min-inline-size: initial; min-width: initial; mix-blend-mode: initial; object-fit: initial; object-position: initial; offset: initial; opacity: initial; order: initial; origin-trial-test-property: initial; orphans: initial; outline: initial; outline-offset: initial; overflow-anchor: initial; overflow-wrap: initial; overflow: initial; overscroll-behavior-block: initial; overscroll-behavior-inline: initial; overscroll-behavior: initial; padding-block: initial; padding: initial; padding-inline: initial; page: initial; page-orientation: initial; paint-order: initial; perspective: initial; perspective-origin: initial; pointer-events: initial; position: initial; quotes: initial; r: initial; resize: initial; ruby-position: initial; rx: initial; ry: initial; scroll-behavior: initial; scroll-margin-block: initial; scroll-margin: initial; scroll-margin-inline: initial; scroll-padding-block: initial; scroll-padding: initial; scroll-padding-inline: initial; scroll-snap-align: initial; scroll-snap-stop: initial; scroll-snap-type: initial; shape-image-threshold: initial; shape-margin: initial; shape-outside: initial; shape-rendering: initial; size: initial; speak: initial; stop-color: initial; stop-opacity: initial; stroke: initial; stroke-dasharray: initial; stroke-dashoffset: initial; stroke-linecap: initial; stroke-linejoin: initial; stroke-miterlimit: initial; stroke-opacity: initial; stroke-width: initial; tab-size: initial; table-layout: initial; text-align: initial; text-align-last: initial; text-anchor: initial; text-combine-upright: initial; text-decoration: initial; text-decoration-skip-ink: initial; text-indent: initial; text-overflow: initial; text-shadow: initial; text-size-adjust: initial; text-transform: initial; text-underline-offset: initial; text-underline-position: initial; touch-action: initial; transform: initial; transform-box: initial; transform-origin: initial; transform-style: initial; transition: initial; user-select: initial; vector-effect: initial; vertical-align: initial; visibility: initial; -webkit-app-region: initial; border-spacing: initial; -webkit-border-image: initial; -webkit-box-align: initial; -webkit-box-decoration-break: initial; -webkit-box-direction: initial; -webkit-box-flex: initial; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: initial; -webkit-box-orient: initial; -webkit-box-pack: initial; -webkit-box-reflect: initial; -webkit-highlight: initial; -webkit-hyphenate-character: initial; -webkit-line-break: initial; -webkit-line-clamp: initial; -webkit-mask-box-image: initial; -webkit-mask: initial; -webkit-mask-composite: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-x: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-y: initial; -webkit-print-color-adjust: initial; -webkit-rtl-ordering: initial; -webkit-ruby-position: initial; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: initial; -webkit-text-combine: initial; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis-position: initial; -webkit-text-fill-color: initial; -webkit-text-security: initial; -webkit-text-stroke: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-x: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-y: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-z: initial; -webkit-user-drag: initial; -webkit-user-modify: initial; white-space: initial; widows: initial; width: initial; will-change: initial; word-break: initial; word-spacing: initial; x: initial; y: initial; z-index: initial;\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ms-editor-squiggler\" style=\"color: initial; font: initial; font-feature-settings: initial; font-kerning: initial; font-optical-sizing: initial; font-variation-settings: initial; text-orientation: initial; text-rendering: initial; -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; -webkit-locale: initial; -webkit-text-orientation: initial; -webkit-writing-mode: initial; writing-mode: initial; zoom: initial; place-content: initial; place-items: initial; place-self: initial; alignment-baseline: initial; animation: initial; appearance: initial; aspect-ratio: initial; backdrop-filter: initial; backface-visibility: initial; background: initial; background-blend-mode: initial; baseline-shift: initial; block-size: initial; border-block: initial; border: initial; border-radius: initial; border-collapse: initial; border-inline: initial; inset: initial; box-shadow: initial; box-sizing: initial; break-after: initial; break-before: initial; break-inside: initial; buffered-rendering: initial; caption-side: initial; caret-color: initial; clear: initial; clip: initial; clip-path: initial; clip-rule: initial; color-interpolation: initial; color-interpolation-filters: initial; color-rendering: initial; color-scheme: initial; columns: initial; column-fill: initial; gap: initial; column-rule: initial; column-span: initial; contain: initial; contain-intrinsic-size: initial; content: initial; content-visibility: initial; counter-increment: initial; counter-reset: initial; counter-set: initial; cursor: initial; 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